tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-88294277555294933552024-03-05T06:32:32.371-08:00Ayo Belajar Elektro Rame-RameAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05729996032695779486noreply@blogger.comBlogger11125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8829427755529493355.post-25607175474286030242012-12-06T07:12:00.003-08:002012-12-06T07:12:51.821-08:00Konversi Energi<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Macam-Macam Energi Fosil</b></div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Batubara</div>
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Batubara merupakan sumber energi yang berasal dari fosil tumbuhan yang
telah mati berjuta-juta tahun yang lalu. Fosil tumbuhan tersebut mengalami
berbagai macam proses, diantaranya proses geologi dan kimia yang kemudian
menghasilkan batubara. Banyak pembuktian yang mendukung bahwa tumbuh-tumbuhan
sebagai unsure awal terjadinya batubara (American Chemical Society,1987).
Selama ini batubara di Indonesia
diklarifikasikan menurut nilai kalorinya menjadi tiga yaitu kalori rendah,
kalori sedanh, kalori tinggi. Batubara sebagai sumber energi primer memberikan
kontriobuasi terbesat untuk pembangkit listrik di Indonesia. </div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Minyak Bumi</div>
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Minyak bumi (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa
Inggris</span></a>: <i>petroleum</i>, dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Latin"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Latin</span></a> <i>petrus</i>
– karang dan <i>oleum</i> – minyak), dijuluki juga sebagai <i>emas hitam</i>,
adalah cairan kental, coklat gelap, atau kehijauan yang mudah terbakar, yang
berada di lapisan atas dari beberapa area di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerak" title="Kerak"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kerak</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bumi</span></a>. Minyak bumi terdiri
dari campuran kompleks dari berbagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrokarbon"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hidrokarbon</span></a>, sebagian
besar seri <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkana"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">alkana</span></a>,
tetapi bervariasi dalam penampilan, komposisi, dan kemurniannya.</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Gas Alam</div>
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Gas alam sering juga disebut sebagai gas bumi atau gas rawa, adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan_bakar_fosil"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahan bakar fosil</span></a>
berbentuk gas yang terutama terdiri dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metana"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">metana</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">C</span></a><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">H</span></a><sub>4</sub>).
Ia dapat ditemukan di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladang_minyak"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ladang minyak</span></a>,
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ladang_gas_bumi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ladang gas bumi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ladang gas bumi</span></a> dan juga
tambang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_bara"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">batu bara</span></a>.
Ketika gas yang kaya dengan metana diproduksi melalui pembusukan oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri_anaerobik" title="Bakteri anaerobik"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bakteri
anaerobik</span></a> dari bahan-bahan organik selain dari fosil, maka ia
disebut <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">biogas</span></a>. Sumber biogas
dapat ditemukan di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawa" title="Rawa"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">rawa-rawa</span></a>,
tempat pembuangan akhir <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampah"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sampah</span></a>,
serta penampungan kotoran <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">manusia</span></a>
dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hewan</span></a>. Komponen utama
dalam gas alam adalah metana (CH<sub>4</sub>), yang merupakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">molekul</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrokarbon"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hidrokarbon</span></a> rantai
terpendek dan teringan. </div>
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Gas alam juga mengandung molekul-molekul hidrokarbon yang lebih berat
seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etana"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">etana</span></a> (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>),
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propana"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">propana</span></a> (C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>)
dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butana"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">butana</span></a> (C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub>),
selain juga gas-gas yang mengandung sulfur (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belerang"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">belerang</span></a>). Gas alam juga
merupakan sumber utama untuk sumber gas <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">helium</span></a>. Metana adalah gas
rumah kaca yang dapat menciptakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemanasan_global"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pemanasan global</span></a> ketika
terlepas ke atmosfer, dan umumnya dianggap sebagai polutan ketimbang sumber
energi yang berguna. Meskipun begitu, metana di atmosfer bereaksi dengan ozon,
memproduksi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_dioksida"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">karbon
dioksida</span></a> dan air, sehingga efek rumah kaca dari metana yang terlepas
ke udara relatif hanya berlangsung sesaat. </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Manfaat Energi Fosil Sebagai Pembangkit
Listrik</b></div>
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Berbagai
macam manfaat energi fosil dalam kehidupan ini, seperti contohnya digunakan
dalam dunia industri, transportasi dan berbagai macam laiannya. Konsumsi energi
fosil sangat lah besar, sehingga menyebabkan persediaan energi fosil semakin
menipis. Salah satu akibat tingginya angka pertumbuhan penduduk pada suatu
daerah adalah naiknya kebutuhan energi listrik. </div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Energi fosil yang paling banyak digunakan sebagai
pembangkit listrik adalah batubara. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Batubara
merupakan salah satu bahan bakara fosil yang banyak digunakan untuk pembakit
listrik. Listrik dibangkitkan denggan cara batubara dibakar untuk memanaskan
air dalam bejana guna menghasilkan uap. Uap yang dihasilkan akan memutar turbin
dan menghsilkan listrik. Hal ini juga hampir sama dengan penggunaan minyak bumi
sebagai pembangkit energi listrik. </div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span class="nw">Bentuk sederhana pembangkit tenaga
listrik dengan bahan bakar gas alam</span> <span class="nw">adalah turbin gas.
Dalam bentuk sederhana ini, gas buangnya masih mempunyai</span> <span class="nw">temperatur
yang relatif tinggi (sekitar 540 <sup>O</sup>C) dan masih dapat dibentuk satu</span>
<span class="nw">siklus uap yang disebut</span><span class="ff6"> gas combined
cycle</span><span class="nw">.</span> <span class="nw">Turbin gas terdiri atas
kompresor, ruang bakar, turbin dan generator.</span> <span class="nw">Kompresor
memampatkan udara dari luar menjadi udara yang bertekanan tinggi</span> <span class="nw">sekitar 10 bar sampai 15 bar dan diumpankan ke ruang bakar. Gas alam</span>
<span class="nw">diinjeksikan melalui </span><span class="ff6">ozzle</span><span class="nw"> ke ruang bakar. Bersama-sama dengan udara</span> <span class="nw">bertekanan
tinggi, gas alam dibakar di ruang bakar. Gas hasil pembakaran</span> <span class="nw">mempunyai temperatur sekitar 1000oC dan dialirkan ke turbin yang akan</span>
<span class="nw">menggerakkan rotor yang dihubungkan dengan generator listrik.</span>
<span class="nw">Gas turbin mempunyai efisiensi yang rendah. Dengan makin
meingkatnya</span> <span class="nw">kebutuhan tenaga listrik, dibutuhkan juga
pembangkit tenaga listrik yang</span> <span class="nw">mempunyai efisiensi yang
tinggi untuk menghemat pemakaian bahan bakar.</span> <span class="nw">Pembangkit
tenaga listrik dengan</span><span class="ff6"> gas combined cycle</span><span class="nw"> merupakan pemecahannya</span> <span class="nw">dan dapat mencapai
efisiensi termal sebesar 50 %.</span> </div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dampak Negatif Penggunaan Energi Fosil
Terhadap Aspek-Aspek Kehidupan</b></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>di <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">era</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eq</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">I</span>ndon<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">i</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">re</span>nt<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p
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<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>ikl<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">i</span>m. <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">O</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">kare</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>itu, <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ski
<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>tid<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>miliki
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<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>sisi
<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>in, <span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>up<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>isu
s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nsiti<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>i<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>i<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>tumbuh<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>konomi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>up<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">u</span>n<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>sosi<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>politi<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">k</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">O</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>h<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">are</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>itu, p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>tumbuh<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>ut<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>miliki
<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>ti<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>dim<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nsi
<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ling
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>it, <span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>kni k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>i
dom<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>stik, p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>tumbuh<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>konomi, d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> a</span>sp<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k lin<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>kun<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
hidup.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 4.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">D</span>itin<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>uml<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>oduksi<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>osil<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">I</span>ndo<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>sia<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>lu s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>lih<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ntu<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>min<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>bumi.<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">B</span>ila<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>dilih<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">fa</span>ktor<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>lin<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n, <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>uml<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>knolo<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>i,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>up<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>r<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>i<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>untuk
m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ngg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ntik<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>posisi
<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>mi<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>bumi <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>di <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ktor
<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>nspo<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>si,
<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>indust<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>i, <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>um<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Dar</span>i k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aca</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">t</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>kon<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span>mi <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>uml<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>sumb<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>i, <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>dip<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>mi <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nin<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
penggunaan batubara. Namun dari segi aspek lingkungan hidup, peningkatan
penggunaan <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>tub<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>pa<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>int<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nsi<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>knol<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span>nt<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">u</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>unk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>misi<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>mb<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>tub<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>a b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nt<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t
<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">asa</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>lob<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l
<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>ub<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>iklim.
<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">D</span>i m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nd<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>ti<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>butuh<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>dom<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>stik<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>tub<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nuntut<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>usut<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aa</span>n k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>butuh<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n dom<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>stik
dib<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ndin<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>po<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berbagai
macam dampak negatif penggunaan energi fosil dalam kehidupan dan pembangkit
listrik tenaga fosil.</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dampak Sumber Daya Alam</div>
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Dengan meningkatnya kebutuhan energi listrik maka akan dibutuhkan
pembangunan pembangkit yang lebih banyak sehingga akan berakibat pada
exploitasi SDA yang semakin meningkat. Hal ini berdampak pada menurunnya
cadanggan SDA yang ada. Sumber daya energi khususnya yang tidak terbaharuukan seperti
minyak, gas, batubara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>semakin lama akan
semakin berkurang sesuai dengan pemakaian yang terus meningkat. Hal itu
menyebabkan krisis energi. Dibawah ini adalah data tahun 2005 cadangan energi
fosil Indonesia.</div>
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<tbody>
<tr style="height: 38.45pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">E</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ergi</span></div>
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<td style="background: #F3F3F3; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 38.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 79.5pt;" valign="top" width="106">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 25.7pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">To</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">al</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 6.0pt; margin-top: .3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.8pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">C</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F3F3F3; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 38.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 79.7pt;" valign="top" width="106">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.85pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">C</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 6.0pt; margin-top: .3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Terb</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">kti</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F3F3F3; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 38.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 79.2pt;" valign="top" width="106">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9.0pt; margin-top: .65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.55pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Pro</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">uksi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F3F3F3; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 38.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123">
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 10.75pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">di</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 38.45pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 38.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 65.5pt;" valign="top" width="87">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.6pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">iny</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">k</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 79.5pt;" valign="top" width="106">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.9pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">9,</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
<span style="mso-font-width: 98%;">M</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">lya</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">bl</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 79.7pt;" valign="top" width="106">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">5</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">il</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">y</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">l</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 79.2pt;" valign="top" width="106">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 151%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 30.25pt; margin-right: 13.0pt; margin-top: .2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 151%; mso-font-width: 98%;">0,</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 151%; mso-font-width: 98%;">5</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 151%;"> <span style="mso-font-width: 98%;">M</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 151%; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 151%; mso-font-width: 98%;">lya</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 151%; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 151%; mso-font-width: 98%;">d </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 151%; mso-font-width: 98%;">bbl</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.3pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Gas</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.05pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">17</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">0</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">TS</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">CF</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 79.7pt;" valign="top" width="106">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.1pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">8</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">7</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">TS</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">CF</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 79.2pt;" valign="top" width="106">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.45pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">2,</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">9</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">TS</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">CF</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.3pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.9pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ra</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 79.5pt;" valign="top" width="106">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.2pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">8</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Mi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ya</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">To</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 79.7pt;" valign="top" width="106">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">5</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Mi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">y</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Ton</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.1pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">7</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Ju</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">T</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">14</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">un</span></div>
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Tabel 1. Cadangan Energi Fosil Indonesia Tahun 2005</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dampak Terhadap Lingkungan</div>
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Limbah gas CO<sub>2 </sub>yang dihasilkan dari suatu pembangkit listrik
fosil adalah CO<sub>2 </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang
merupakan salah satu golongan gas rumah kaca. Efek rumah kaca ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menyebabkan radiasi sinar infra merah dari
bumi akan kembali kepermukaan karena tertahan oleh gas rumah kaca. Hal inilah
yang menyebabkan terjadinya pemanasan globalpada bumi. Pemanasan global pada
bumi ini akan menimbulkan dampak yang lebih panjangyakni cairnya gunung-gunung
es di kutub. Gas sulfur oksida (SO<sub>2</sub>) dan nitrogen oksida termasuh limbah
gas yang dihasilkan dari pembakit listrik tenaga fosil. Dua jeis limbah ini
yang merupakan sumber deposisi asam.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">D</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">m</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">k</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">rha</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">:</span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">K</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">er</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span></b></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 95.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 162.95pt;" valign="top" width="217">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.2pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Mak</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">lu</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Hi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">up</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 95.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 263.7pt;" valign="top" width="352">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.15pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .15pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 41.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">y</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">eb</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">j</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ik</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.15pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: 2.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 41.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Me</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">gg</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">si</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">lu</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ak</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 117%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 41.15pt; margin-right: 26.05pt; margin-top: 2.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 41.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">gg</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; line-height: 117%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">pe</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">f</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">at</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 117%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; line-height: 117%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ir </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">m</span><span style="mso-font-width: 98%;">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ri</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="mso-font-width: 98%;">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ert</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ian</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.15pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 41.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Men</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">mb</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">lk</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">masa</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ad</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ha</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.15pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: 2.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 41.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">pern</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">fa</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">da</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">as</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">lit</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 109.75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 109.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 162.95pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 7.0pt; margin-top: .15pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.2pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">V</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">tasi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 109.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 263.7pt;" valign="top" width="352">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 117%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 41.15pt; margin-right: 27.2pt; margin-top: .15pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 41.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; line-height: 117%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">ese</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">mb</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">ga</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; line-height: 117%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">is</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 117%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">al</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">m
ta</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.15pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .35pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 41.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">gg</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">um</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">uh</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">am</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.15pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: 2.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 41.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">na</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 119%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 41.15pt; margin-right: 30.6pt; margin-top: 2.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 41.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 119%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 119%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">Me</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">yu</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">ur</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">ka</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; line-height: 119%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">ert</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">mb</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">uh</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 119%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">j</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">mu</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 119%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">du
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">y</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; line-height: 119%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 119%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">gg</span><span style="mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">um</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">uh</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ta</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">na</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">(men</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ad</span><span style="mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">)</span></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 79.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 79.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 162.95pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.0pt; margin-top: 1.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.2pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">uk</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Ba</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">gu</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 79.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 263.7pt;" valign="top" width="352">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 117%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 41.15pt; margin-right: 15.75pt; margin-top: .15pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 41.0pt 77.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">Mel</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">tk</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 117%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">Ka</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">si</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 117%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">rbo</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 117%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 117%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">be</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">,
la</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">ta</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">marmer</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.15pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 41.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">la</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">tk</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">te</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">aja</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.15pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: 2.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 41.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Me</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">rc</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ko</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">pip</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">lu</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">air</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Me</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">giki</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ba</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ng</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">c</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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Table 2. Dampak Deposisi Asam</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Konsevasi Atau Langkah Kedepan Untuk
Mengurangi Penggunaan Energi Fosil</b></div>
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Untuk
mengurangi penggunaan energi fosil dan mengurangi dampak pencemaran energi
fosil maka perlu dikembangkan energi alternative atau terbarukan, diantaranya
adalah :</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Energi Surya</div>
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Energi yang
berasal dari matahari, dimana energi surya diubah menjadi energi listrik
memakai sel surya.</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Energi Angin</div>
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Energi yang
berasal dari gerakan angina, dimana energi angina dipakai untuk memutar kincir
angina dan bila digabungkan dengan generator listrik akan menghasilkan energi
listrik. </div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Energi Panas Bumi</div>
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Energi yang
berasal dari panas bumi, dimana tenaga panas bumi ini dipakai pada pembangkit
listrik untuk menghasilkan listrik.</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Energi Air</div>
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Energi yang
berasal dari pergerakan air, dimana tenaga air dipakai pada PLTA untuk
menghasilkan listrik. </div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Energi Laut</div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 93%;">yaitu</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 91%;">ene<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 88%;">gi</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 87%;">yang</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 88%;">berasal</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 93%;">dari</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">ombak,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 85%;">pasang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 39%;">‐</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 93%;">surut</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 89%;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 88%;">suh</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 88%;">u</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 93%;">air</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 94%;">laut.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 86%;">Energi</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 87%;">yang</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 87%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 92%;">tersimpan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 88%;">d<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 91%;">lam</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 93%;">air</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 95%;">lau</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 95%;">t</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 101%;">it</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 101%;">u</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 91%;">dapat</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 94%;">d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 87%;">g<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">u</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 88%;">nakan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 84%;">sebag<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 101%;">i</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 91%;">pe<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 92%;">b</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 86%;">an<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">g</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 89%;">k</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 110%;">it</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 94%;">listrik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 4.9pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level5 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Energi bio massa</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 4.9pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 93%;">yaitu</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">e</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">n</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 87%;">e</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 102%;">r</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 83%;">g</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 101%;">i</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 87%;">yan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 87%;">g</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 88%;">berasal</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 93%;">dari</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 89%;">ba</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 89%;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 84%;">a</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 92%;">n</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">organik</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 87%;">yang</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 92%;">meny<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 94%;">m</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 89%;">pan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">e</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">n</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 87%;">e</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 102%;">r</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 83%;">g</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 101%;">i</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 92%;">mataha<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 101%;">i </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">dalam</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">b<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 97%;">nt<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">u</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 89%;">k</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">energi</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 94%;">kim<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 92%;">awi.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 81%;">E<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">n</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">ergi</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 84%;">mass</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 84%;">a</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 94%;">bio</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 88%;">juga</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 91%;">dapat</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 92%;">d</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 101%;">i</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 88%;">gun<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>kan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 88%;">pada</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 89%;">mban<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">g</span>k</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 110%;">it</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 96%;">list<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 91%;">ik.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 4.9pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level5 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Energi Hidrogen</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 4.9pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 93%;">yaitu</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 89%;">en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 102%;">r</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 88%;">gi</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 87%;">yang</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">ber<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 84%;">sal</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 93%;">dari</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 81%;">gas</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 94%;">h<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">drogen.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 80%;">Gas</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 91%;">hidrogen</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 89%;">da<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">p</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 84%;">a</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 118%;">t</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 94%;">m</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 87%;">e</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 88%;">nghasi<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 89%;">k</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 88%;">an</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 97%;">listr<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">i</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 89%;">k</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 89%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">memakai</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 89%;">hy<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">d</span></span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">r<span style="mso-font-width: 88%;">ogen</span></span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 96%;">f</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 96%;">u</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 84%;">e</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 101%;">l</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 82%;">c</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 82%;">e</span></i><i><span style="color: black; 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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Macam-Macam Energi Fosil</b></div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Batubara</div>
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Batubara merupakan sumber energi yang berasal dari fosil tumbuhan yang
telah mati berjuta-juta tahun yang lalu. Fosil tumbuhan tersebut mengalami
berbagai macam proses, diantaranya proses geologi dan kimia yang kemudian
menghasilkan batubara. Banyak pembuktian yang mendukung bahwa tumbuh-tumbuhan
sebagai unsure awal terjadinya batubara (American Chemical Society,1987).
Selama ini batubara di Indonesia
diklarifikasikan menurut nilai kalorinya menjadi tiga yaitu kalori rendah,
kalori sedanh, kalori tinggi. Batubara sebagai sumber energi primer memberikan
kontriobuasi terbesat untuk pembangkit listrik di Indonesia. </div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Minyak Bumi</div>
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Minyak bumi (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa
Inggris</span></a>: <i>petroleum</i>, dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Latin"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Latin</span></a> <i>petrus</i>
– karang dan <i>oleum</i> – minyak), dijuluki juga sebagai <i>emas hitam</i>,
adalah cairan kental, coklat gelap, atau kehijauan yang mudah terbakar, yang
berada di lapisan atas dari beberapa area di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerak" title="Kerak"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kerak</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bumi</span></a>. Minyak bumi terdiri
dari campuran kompleks dari berbagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrokarbon"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hidrokarbon</span></a>, sebagian
besar seri <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkana"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">alkana</span></a>,
tetapi bervariasi dalam penampilan, komposisi, dan kemurniannya.</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Gas Alam</div>
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Gas alam sering juga disebut sebagai gas bumi atau gas rawa, adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan_bakar_fosil"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahan bakar fosil</span></a>
berbentuk gas yang terutama terdiri dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metana"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">metana</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">C</span></a><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">H</span></a><sub>4</sub>).
Ia dapat ditemukan di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladang_minyak"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ladang minyak</span></a>,
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ladang_gas_bumi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ladang gas bumi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ladang gas bumi</span></a> dan juga
tambang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_bara"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">batu bara</span></a>.
Ketika gas yang kaya dengan metana diproduksi melalui pembusukan oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri_anaerobik" title="Bakteri anaerobik"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bakteri
anaerobik</span></a> dari bahan-bahan organik selain dari fosil, maka ia
disebut <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">biogas</span></a>. Sumber biogas
dapat ditemukan di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawa" title="Rawa"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">rawa-rawa</span></a>,
tempat pembuangan akhir <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampah"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sampah</span></a>,
serta penampungan kotoran <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">manusia</span></a>
dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hewan</span></a>. Komponen utama
dalam gas alam adalah metana (CH<sub>4</sub>), yang merupakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">molekul</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrokarbon"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hidrokarbon</span></a> rantai
terpendek dan teringan. </div>
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Gas alam juga mengandung molekul-molekul hidrokarbon yang lebih berat
seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etana"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">etana</span></a> (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>),
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propana"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">propana</span></a> (C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>)
dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butana"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">butana</span></a> (C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub>),
selain juga gas-gas yang mengandung sulfur (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belerang"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">belerang</span></a>). Gas alam juga
merupakan sumber utama untuk sumber gas <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">helium</span></a>. Metana adalah gas
rumah kaca yang dapat menciptakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemanasan_global"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pemanasan global</span></a> ketika
terlepas ke atmosfer, dan umumnya dianggap sebagai polutan ketimbang sumber
energi yang berguna. Meskipun begitu, metana di atmosfer bereaksi dengan ozon,
memproduksi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_dioksida"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">karbon
dioksida</span></a> dan air, sehingga efek rumah kaca dari metana yang terlepas
ke udara relatif hanya berlangsung sesaat. </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Manfaat Energi Fosil Sebagai Pembangkit
Listrik</b></div>
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Berbagai
macam manfaat energi fosil dalam kehidupan ini, seperti contohnya digunakan
dalam dunia industri, transportasi dan berbagai macam laiannya. Konsumsi energi
fosil sangat lah besar, sehingga menyebabkan persediaan energi fosil semakin
menipis. Salah satu akibat tingginya angka pertumbuhan penduduk pada suatu
daerah adalah naiknya kebutuhan energi listrik. </div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Energi fosil yang paling banyak digunakan sebagai
pembangkit listrik adalah batubara. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Batubara
merupakan salah satu bahan bakara fosil yang banyak digunakan untuk pembakit
listrik. Listrik dibangkitkan denggan cara batubara dibakar untuk memanaskan
air dalam bejana guna menghasilkan uap. Uap yang dihasilkan akan memutar turbin
dan menghsilkan listrik. Hal ini juga hampir sama dengan penggunaan minyak bumi
sebagai pembangkit energi listrik. </div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span class="nw">Bentuk sederhana pembangkit tenaga
listrik dengan bahan bakar gas alam</span> <span class="nw">adalah turbin gas.
Dalam bentuk sederhana ini, gas buangnya masih mempunyai</span> <span class="nw">temperatur
yang relatif tinggi (sekitar 540 <sup>O</sup>C) dan masih dapat dibentuk satu</span>
<span class="nw">siklus uap yang disebut</span><span class="ff6"> gas combined
cycle</span><span class="nw">.</span> <span class="nw">Turbin gas terdiri atas
kompresor, ruang bakar, turbin dan generator.</span> <span class="nw">Kompresor
memampatkan udara dari luar menjadi udara yang bertekanan tinggi</span> <span class="nw">sekitar 10 bar sampai 15 bar dan diumpankan ke ruang bakar. Gas alam</span>
<span class="nw">diinjeksikan melalui </span><span class="ff6">ozzle</span><span class="nw"> ke ruang bakar. Bersama-sama dengan udara</span> <span class="nw">bertekanan
tinggi, gas alam dibakar di ruang bakar. Gas hasil pembakaran</span> <span class="nw">mempunyai temperatur sekitar 1000oC dan dialirkan ke turbin yang akan</span>
<span class="nw">menggerakkan rotor yang dihubungkan dengan generator listrik.</span>
<span class="nw">Gas turbin mempunyai efisiensi yang rendah. Dengan makin
meingkatnya</span> <span class="nw">kebutuhan tenaga listrik, dibutuhkan juga
pembangkit tenaga listrik yang</span> <span class="nw">mempunyai efisiensi yang
tinggi untuk menghemat pemakaian bahan bakar.</span> <span class="nw">Pembangkit
tenaga listrik dengan</span><span class="ff6"> gas combined cycle</span><span class="nw"> merupakan pemecahannya</span> <span class="nw">dan dapat mencapai
efisiensi termal sebesar 50 %.</span> </div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dampak Negatif Penggunaan Energi Fosil
Terhadap Aspek-Aspek Kehidupan</b></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>di <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">era</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eq</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">I</span>ndon<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">i</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">re</span>nt<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p
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<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>tid<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>miliki
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<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>sisi
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<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>up<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>isu
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</span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>i<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>i<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>tumbuh<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>konomi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>up<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">u</span>n<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>sosi<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>politi<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">k</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">O</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>h<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">are</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>itu, p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>tumbuh<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>ut<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>miliki
<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>ti<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>dim<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nsi
<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ling
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>it, <span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>kni k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>i
dom<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>stik, p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>tumbuh<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>konomi, d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> a</span>sp<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k lin<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>kun<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
hidup.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 4.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">D</span>itin<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>uml<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>oduksi<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>osil<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">I</span>ndo<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>sia<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>lu s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>lih<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ntu<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>min<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>bumi.<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">B</span>ila<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>dilih<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">fa</span>ktor<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>lin<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n, <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>uml<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>knolo<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>i,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>up<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>r<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>i<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>untuk
m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ngg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ntik<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>posisi
<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>mi<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>bumi <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>di <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ktor
<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>nspo<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>si,
<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>indust<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>i, <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>um<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Dar</span>i k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aca</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">t</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>kon<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span>mi <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>uml<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>sumb<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>i, <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>dip<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>mi <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nin<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
penggunaan batubara. Namun dari segi aspek lingkungan hidup, peningkatan
penggunaan <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>tub<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>pa<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>int<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nsi<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>knol<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span>nt<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">u</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>unk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>misi<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>mb<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>tub<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>a b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nt<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t
<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">asa</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>lob<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l
<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>ub<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>iklim.
<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">D</span>i m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nd<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>ti<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>butuh<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>dom<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>stik<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>tub<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nuntut<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>usut<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">aa</span>n k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>butuh<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n dom<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>stik
dib<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ndin<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>po<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berbagai
macam dampak negatif penggunaan energi fosil dalam kehidupan dan pembangkit
listrik tenaga fosil.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 4.9pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level5 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dampak Sumber Daya Alam</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 4.9pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
Dengan meningkatnya kebutuhan energi listrik maka akan dibutuhkan
pembangunan pembangkit yang lebih banyak sehingga akan berakibat pada
exploitasi SDA yang semakin meningkat. Hal ini berdampak pada menurunnya
cadanggan SDA yang ada. Sumber daya energi khususnya yang tidak terbaharuukan seperti
minyak, gas, batubara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>semakin lama akan
semakin berkurang sesuai dengan pemakaian yang terus meningkat. Hal itu
menyebabkan krisis energi. Dibawah ini adalah data tahun 2005 cadangan energi
fosil Indonesia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 4.9pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 4.9pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 4.9pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 29.55pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; width: 529px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 38.45pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: #F3F3F3; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 38.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 65.5pt;" valign="top" width="87">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9.0pt; margin-top: .65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.1pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">E</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ergi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F3F3F3; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 38.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 79.5pt;" valign="top" width="106">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 25.7pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">To</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">al</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 6.0pt; margin-top: .3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.8pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">C</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F3F3F3; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 38.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 79.7pt;" valign="top" width="106">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.85pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">C</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 6.0pt; margin-top: .3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.35pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Terb</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">kti</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F3F3F3; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 38.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 79.2pt;" valign="top" width="106">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9.0pt; margin-top: .65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.55pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Pro</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">uksi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F3F3F3; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 38.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9.0pt; margin-top: .65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 10.75pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">di</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 38.45pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 38.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 65.5pt;" valign="top" width="87">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.6pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">iny</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">k</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 79.5pt;" valign="top" width="106">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.9pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">9,</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
<span style="mso-font-width: 98%;">M</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">lya</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">bl</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 79.7pt;" valign="top" width="106">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.45pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">5</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">il</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">y</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">l</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 79.2pt;" valign="top" width="106">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 151%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 30.25pt; margin-right: 13.0pt; margin-top: .2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 151%; mso-font-width: 98%;">0,</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 151%; mso-font-width: 98%;">5</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 151%;"> <span style="mso-font-width: 98%;">M</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 151%; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 151%; mso-font-width: 98%;">lya</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 151%; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 151%; mso-font-width: 98%;">d </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 151%; mso-font-width: 98%;">bbl</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.3pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.45pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 65.5pt;" valign="top" width="87">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.7pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Gas</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 79.5pt;" valign="top" width="106">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.05pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">17</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">0</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">TS</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">CF</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 79.7pt;" valign="top" width="106">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.1pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">8</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">7</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">TS</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">CF</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 79.2pt;" valign="top" width="106">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.45pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">2,</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">9</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">TS</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">CF</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.3pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ra</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 79.5pt;" valign="top" width="106">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">8</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Mi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ya</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">To</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 79.7pt;" valign="top" width="106">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">5</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Mi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">y</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Ton</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">7</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Ju</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">T</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">14</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">un</span></div>
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Tabel 1. Cadangan Energi Fosil Indonesia Tahun 2005</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dampak Terhadap Lingkungan</div>
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Limbah gas CO<sub>2 </sub>yang dihasilkan dari suatu pembangkit listrik
fosil adalah CO<sub>2 </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang
merupakan salah satu golongan gas rumah kaca. Efek rumah kaca ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menyebabkan radiasi sinar infra merah dari
bumi akan kembali kepermukaan karena tertahan oleh gas rumah kaca. Hal inilah
yang menyebabkan terjadinya pemanasan globalpada bumi. Pemanasan global pada
bumi ini akan menimbulkan dampak yang lebih panjangyakni cairnya gunung-gunung
es di kutub. Gas sulfur oksida (SO<sub>2</sub>) dan nitrogen oksida termasuh limbah
gas yang dihasilkan dari pembakit listrik tenaga fosil. Dua jeis limbah ini
yang merupakan sumber deposisi asam.</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">D</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">m</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">k</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">rha</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">:</span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">K</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">er</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Mak</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">lu</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Hi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">up</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 95.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 263.7pt;" valign="top" width="352">
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">y</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">eb</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">j</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ik</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Me</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">gg</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">si</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">lu</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ak</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 117%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 41.15pt; margin-right: 26.05pt; margin-top: 2.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 41.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">gg</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; line-height: 117%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">pe</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">f</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">at</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 117%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; line-height: 117%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ir </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">m</span><span style="mso-font-width: 98%;">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ri</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="mso-font-width: 98%;">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ert</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ian</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.15pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 41.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Men</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">mb</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">lk</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">masa</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ad</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ha</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.15pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: 2.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 41.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">pern</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">fa</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">da</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">as</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">lit</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 109.75pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 109.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 162.95pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 7.0pt; margin-top: .15pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.2pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">V</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">tasi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 109.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 263.7pt;" valign="top" width="352">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 117%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 41.15pt; margin-right: 27.2pt; margin-top: .15pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 41.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; line-height: 117%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">ese</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">mb</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">ga</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; line-height: 117%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">is</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 117%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">al</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">m
ta</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.15pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: .35pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 41.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">gg</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">um</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">uh</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">am</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.15pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: 2.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 41.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">na</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 119%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 41.15pt; margin-right: 30.6pt; margin-top: 2.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 41.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 119%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 119%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">Me</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">yu</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">ur</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">ka</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; line-height: 119%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">ert</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">mb</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">uh</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 119%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">j</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">mu</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 119%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">du
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">y</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; line-height: 119%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 119%; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 119%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">gg</span><span style="mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">um</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">uh</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ta</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">na</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">(men</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ad</span><span style="mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">)</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 79.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 79.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 162.95pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.0pt; margin-top: 1.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.2pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">uk</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Ba</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">gu</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">an</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 79.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 263.7pt;" valign="top" width="352">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 117%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 41.15pt; margin-right: 15.75pt; margin-top: .15pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 41.0pt 77.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">Mel</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">tk</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 117%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">Ka</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">si</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 117%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">rbo</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 117%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 117%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">be</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">,
la</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">ta</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 117%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">marmer</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">la</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">tk</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">te</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">aja</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.15pt; margin-right: -1.0pt; margin-top: 2.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 41.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Me</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">rc</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ko</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">pip</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">lu</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">air</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 98%;">·</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">Me</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">giki</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ba</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">ng</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">c</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 98%;">g</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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Table 2. Dampak Deposisi Asam</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Konsevasi Atau Langkah Kedepan Untuk
Mengurangi Penggunaan Energi Fosil</b></div>
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Untuk
mengurangi penggunaan energi fosil dan mengurangi dampak pencemaran energi
fosil maka perlu dikembangkan energi alternative atau terbarukan, diantaranya
adalah :</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Energi Surya</div>
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Energi yang
berasal dari matahari, dimana energi surya diubah menjadi energi listrik
memakai sel surya.</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Energi Angin</div>
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Energi yang
berasal dari gerakan angina, dimana energi angina dipakai untuk memutar kincir
angina dan bila digabungkan dengan generator listrik akan menghasilkan energi
listrik. </div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Energi Panas Bumi</div>
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Energi yang
berasal dari panas bumi, dimana tenaga panas bumi ini dipakai pada pembangkit
listrik untuk menghasilkan listrik.</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Energi Air</div>
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Energi yang
berasal dari pergerakan air, dimana tenaga air dipakai pada PLTA untuk
menghasilkan listrik. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 4.9pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level5 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Energi Laut</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 4.9pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 93%;">yaitu</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 91%;">ene<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 88%;">gi</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 87%;">yang</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 88%;">berasal</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 93%;">dari</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">ombak,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 85%;">pasang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 39%;">‐</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 93%;">surut</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 89%;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 88%;">suh</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 88%;">u</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 93%;">air</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 94%;">laut.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 86%;">Energi</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 87%;">yang</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 87%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 92%;">tersimpan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 88%;">d<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 91%;">lam</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 93%;">air</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 95%;">lau</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 95%;">t</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 101%;">it</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 101%;">u</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 91%;">dapat</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 94%;">d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 87%;">g<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">u</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 88%;">nakan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 84%;">sebag<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 101%;">i</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 91%;">pe<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 92%;">b</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 86%;">an<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">g</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 89%;">k</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 110%;">it</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 94%;">listrik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 4.9pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level5 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Energi bio massa</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 4.9pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 93%;">yaitu</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">e</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">n</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 87%;">e</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 102%;">r</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 83%;">g</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 101%;">i</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 87%;">yan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 87%;">g</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 88%;">berasal</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 93%;">dari</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 89%;">ba</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 89%;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 84%;">a</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 92%;">n</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">organik</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 87%;">yang</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 92%;">meny<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 94%;">m</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 89%;">pan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">e</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">n</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 87%;">e</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 102%;">r</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 83%;">g</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 101%;">i</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 92%;">mataha<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 101%;">i </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">dalam</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">b<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 97%;">nt<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">u</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 89%;">k</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">energi</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 94%;">kim<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 92%;">awi.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 81%;">E<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">n</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">ergi</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 84%;">mass</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 84%;">a</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 94%;">bio</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 88%;">juga</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 91%;">dapat</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 92%;">d</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 101%;">i</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 88%;">gun<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>kan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 88%;">pada</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 89%;">mban<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">g</span>k</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 110%;">it</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 96%;">list<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 91%;">ik.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 4.9pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level5 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Energi Hidrogen</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 4.9pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 93%;">yaitu</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 89%;">en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 102%;">r</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 88%;">gi</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 87%;">yang</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 90%;">ber<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 84%;">sal</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 93%;">dari</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 81%;">gas</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-width: 94%;">h<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span></span><span style="color: black; 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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05729996032695779486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8829427755529493355.post-86396199196726065742012-10-16T08:15:00.001-07:002012-10-16T08:15:25.077-07:00Pembuatan dan Menjalankan Program PLC-VB<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="SV">Pembuatan dan Menjalankan Program</span></b><b><span lang="IN"> PLC-VB</span></b><span lang="IN"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV">Urutan-urutan cara membuat dan menjalankan
program adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV">Rencanakan
Program Syswin 3.4 dan Visual Basic 6.0 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV">Siapkan
dahulu PC yang mempunyai program Syswin 3.4 dan Visual Basic 6.0. Kemudian buat
dahulu program Syswin 3.4 untuk menentukan input dan output yang akan
digunakan.</span><span lang="IN"> Meskipun syswin
adalah PLC jadul tapi masih banyak digunakan. Berikut contoh program syswinnya
:</span><span lang="SV"></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4x03GDVrZdeBmRjnQxbfnTesfWl6g9Hg8NpNd0ofVWDfAOtOSpOKimYUbj3NOS0W6gosIByMcC9eLR3af5ixfZjUz5KwYXieWICMnX5m1aIndNo_T3f9jbtCnL0zZW0SWhofzR79L_GU/s1600/prog.+plc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4x03GDVrZdeBmRjnQxbfnTesfWl6g9Hg8NpNd0ofVWDfAOtOSpOKimYUbj3NOS0W6gosIByMcC9eLR3af5ixfZjUz5KwYXieWICMnX5m1aIndNo_T3f9jbtCnL0zZW0SWhofzR79L_GU/s320/prog.+plc.jpg" width="187" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV">Setelah
jadi, maka buat program Visual Basic-nya sesuai dengan rancangan menu utama
yang telah dibuat sebelumnya (tombol on/off lampu, tombol merubah mode PLC,
tombol exit, serta komponen-komponen lainya).</span><span lang="IN"> Berikut contoh rancangan Menu utamanya :</span><span lang="SV"></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT63hU5hmK76atpTs9TVYJ9bq-dINZNWT6hKGhNc5FsowFL4EzVcSN2zRtKtL_4lzDJn1mllLJnhto6t-YrzIGs9Ux_bzcnZgCD-HHTB0H3R1nnUjHZ4f_ZHl5QfpiT3P92zv_PQlGUnI/s1600/Ranc.+men.+utama.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT63hU5hmK76atpTs9TVYJ9bq-dINZNWT6hKGhNc5FsowFL4EzVcSN2zRtKtL_4lzDJn1mllLJnhto6t-YrzIGs9Ux_bzcnZgCD-HHTB0H3R1nnUjHZ4f_ZHl5QfpiT3P92zv_PQlGUnI/s320/Ranc.+men.+utama.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV">Kemudian
buatlah EXE atau SETUP Visual Basic-nya agar dapat dijalankan pada PC yang tidak
ada program Visual Basic-nya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV">Cara
Menjalankan Program</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV">Download
dahulu program Syswin yang telah dibuat ke dalam PLC. Kemudian tutup program
Syswin-nya agar program Visual Basic-nya bisa dijalankan. Kemudian jalankan
program Visual Basic-nya, tekan tombol monitor agar PLC mampu diperintah oleh
PC. Jika dirubah ke mode Program atau Run maka PLC tidak mampu diperintah PC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV">Sistem
Kerja Program</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV">Ketika
tombol mode Monitor atau Run ditekan, maka lampu RUN pada PLC akan hidup. Namun
jika diubah ke mode program, maka lampu akan mati.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV">Ketika
tombol ON lampu ditekan, maka lampu akan menyala, kemudian indikator lampu akan
berubah warna menjadi kuning, muncul tulisan lampu benar-benar menyala dan
muncul form animasi. Jika OFF maka lampu mati, kemudian indikator lampu akan
berubah warna menjadi hitam dan muncul tulisan lampu benar-benar mati.</span><span lang="SV"> </span><span lang="SV"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV">Namun
ketika lampu dinyalakan, belum tentu lampu benar-benar hidup. Hal itu bisa
terjadi jika lampu putus atau kabel putus, untuk menanggulangi hal tersebut
maka dipasanglah sensor. Namun sensor disini peran kerjanya akan digantikan
oleh saklar dan sensor atau saklar akan mendeteksi lampu mati atau hidup. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
<b><span lang="IN">Pengiriman Data Dari PC-PLC</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV">Pengiriman data dari PC ke PLC seperti
contohnya ditunjukkan pada tombol <i>on/off</i>
lampu. Berikut di bawah ini akan ditampilkan tabel data yang akan dikirim saat
lampu </span><em>on/off</em><span lang="SV">. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: center;">
Data yang dikirim</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 55.05pt; width: 462px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.15pt;" valign="top" width="59">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
Output</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.85pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
Kondisi Lampu</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.45pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
Data Yang Dikirim</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.9pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
Perubahan Yang terjadi</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.15pt;" valign="top" width="59">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
00</div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.85pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
ON 1</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.45pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
"@00WH00010001"</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.9pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
HR0100
hidup</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.45pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
Shape4.FillColor = vbYellow</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.9pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
Kotak
yang mewakili ruangan berwana kuning</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.85pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
OFF 1</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.45pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
"@00WH00010000"</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.9pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
HR0100
mati</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.45pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
Shape4.FillColor = vbBlack</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.9pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
Kotak yang mewakili ruangan berwana hitam.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.15pt;" valign="top" width="59">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
01</div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.85pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
ON 2</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.45pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
"@00WH00020001"</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.9pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
HR0200 hidup</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.45pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
Shape1.FillColor = vbYellow</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.9pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
Kotak
yang mewakili ruangan berwana kuning.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.85pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
OFF 2</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.45pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
"@00WH00020000"</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.9pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
HR0200
mati</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.45pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
Shape1.FillColor = vbBlack</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.9pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
Kotak
yang mewakili ruangan berwana hitam.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.15pt;" valign="top" width="59">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
02</div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.85pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
ON 3</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.45pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
"@00WH00030001"</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.9pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
HR0300
hidup</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.45pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
Shape2.FillColor = vbYellow</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.9pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
Kotak
yang mewakili ruangan berwana kuning.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.85pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
OFF 3</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.45pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
"@00WH00030000"</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.9pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
HR0300
mati</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.45pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
Shape2.FillColor = vbBlack</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.9pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
Kotak
yang mewakili ruangan berwana hitam.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.15pt;" valign="top" width="59">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
03</div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.85pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
ON 4</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.45pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
"@00WH00050001"</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.9pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
HR0500
hidup</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.45pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
Shape3.FillColor = vbYellow</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.9pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
Kotak
yang mewakili ruangan berwana kuning.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.85pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
OFF 4</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.45pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
"@00WH00050000"</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.9pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
HR0500
mati</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.45pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
Shape3.FillColor = vbBlack</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.9pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
Kotak
yang mewakili ruangan berwana hitam.</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV">Tombol On/Off lampu berfungsi memberi
perintah PC untuk mematikan serta menyalakan lampu atau output PLC. Berikut di
bawah ini adalah gambar tombol <i>On/Off </i>lampu
:</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWlbM8TqNM2owbbAgRSQKt3cMwh9So72svgg42q4CG-zc0VUuBmJinWU-fLaT_KhZogxpr-rdX31d8RvZim3zN3VC-hZqOGYnakgbpP8Et0Z1QOsPLwGw2AjOSsZRbmBc196bAOyscyfc/s1600/tomb.+lamp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWlbM8TqNM2owbbAgRSQKt3cMwh9So72svgg42q4CG-zc0VUuBmJinWU-fLaT_KhZogxpr-rdX31d8RvZim3zN3VC-hZqOGYnakgbpP8Et0Z1QOsPLwGw2AjOSsZRbmBc196bAOyscyfc/s1600/tomb.+lamp.jpg" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV"><span> </span>Tombol ON/OFF lampu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
Di
bawah ini adalah contoh listing program dari tombol ON/OFF Lampu :</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV">Tombol
ON </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm;">
<b><i>Private Sub Command1_Click()</i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm;">
<i>data =
"@00WH00010001"</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm;">
<i>Call kirim</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm;">
<i>Shape4.FillColor =
vbYellow</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm;">
<i>Form2.Visible = True</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm;">
<b><i>End Sub</i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
Ketika
tombol ON ditekan, maka data<span> </span><i>"@00WH00010001"</i> akan dikirim
dengan menggunakan kode program <i>call
kirim. </i>Berikut di bawah ini adalah listing program dari <i>call kirim </i>:<i> </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.8pt;">
<b><i>Private Sub kirim()</i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.8pt;">
<i>Dat$ = data <b>‘(data yang akan
dikirim, misal "@00WH00010001")</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.8pt;">
<i>l = Len(Dat$) <b>‘(untuk menghitung
jumlah karakter dari data) </b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.8pt;">
<i>A = 0</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.8pt;">
<i>For I = 1 To l</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.8pt;">
<i>Opo$ = Mid$(Dat$, I, 1) <b>‘(mengambil
n (jumlah) karakter dari suatu posisi yang telah ditetapkan)</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.8pt;">
<i>A = Asc(Opo$) Xor A <b>‘(Pengubahan
ke ASCII dengan di XOR kan)</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.8pt;">
<i>Next I</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.8pt;">
<i>FCS$ = Hex$(A) </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.8pt;">
<i>If Len(FCS$) = 1 Then <b>‘(jika
hasil penghitungan karakter dari FCS$ = 1)</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.8pt;">
<i>FCS$ = "0" + FCS$</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.8pt;">
<i>End If</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.8pt;">
<i>DatTX$ = Dat$ + FCS$ + "*" + Chr$(13)</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.8pt;">
<i>MSComm1.Output = DatTX$</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.8pt;">
<i>End Sub</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV">Agar Program Visual Basic dapat membaca
ataupun menulis data PLC, maka data yang harus kirim dalam bentuk paket
tersetruktur yang disebut frame melalui <i>commport</i>.
Frame yang digunakan untuk PLC yaitu<span>
</span>FCS. FCS <i>(Frame Check Sequence) </i>adalah
hasil konversi 8-bit data ke 2 digit karakter ASCII. Ke 8-bit data merupakan
hasil dari <i>exclusive </i>OR secara
berturut (<i>sequence) </i>karakter pertama
hingga karakter terakhir pada sebuah<i>
frame.</i> Jika ternyata ASCII yang dihasilkan adalah 1 digit, maka perlu
ditambahkan ASCII ”0” di depan ASCII yang kedua. Lalu setelah data digabung
dengan FCS dan ASCII lainya, kemudian dimasukkan dalam variabel <i>DatTX$.</i> Setelah itu, variabel <i>DatTx$</i> dikirim ke port menggunakan
perintah <i>”MSComm.Output”.</i><span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
Program
akan membaca kondisi output pada PLC pada setiap 100 ms dengan memanfaatkan
komponen timer, sehingga bila output menyala, kotak yang mewakili ruangan akan
berubah warnanya dan pada label akan berubah tulisanya. Ini berarti setiap 100
ms sekali PC akan berkomunikasi langsung dengan PLC dengan mengirimkan 1 frame
untuk untuk membaca kondisi output. Di bawah ini adalah tabel untuk menjelaskan
dari listing program string<span> </span><b><i>Private
Sub kirim()</i></b><i> </i>di atas. </div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: center;">
Tabel Fungsi String Pada Listing
Program <i>Private Sub kirim()</i></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 68.4pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.35pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
Fungsi</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
Keterangan</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.35pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
Dat$</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
Data
yang akan dikirim.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.35pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
Len
(<i>l</i>)</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
Untuk
menghitung jumlah karakter dari data.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.35pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<i>Opo$ = Mid$(Dat$, I, 1) atau Mid$(Dat$, n,
m)</i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
Untuk
mengambil 1 karakter pada dari karakter ke I yang telah ditetapkan. Atau
mengambil<b> <i>m </i></b>karakter dari karakter ke <b><i>n</i></b> terhadap variabel
string.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.35pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<i>Chr$(13)</i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
Menspesifikasikan
nilai dalam ASCII, dan penambahan <i>Chr$(13)</i>
agar PLC mampu dibaca oleh VB.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.35pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<i>Asc$</i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
Menghasilkan
angka ASCII dari suatu karakter tunggal</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.35pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
<i>FCS$ </i><i><span lang="SV">(Frame Check Sequence)</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV">Hasil konversi 8-bit data ke 2 digit
karakter ASCII</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV">Ketika tombol <i>On/Off</i> ditekan, jika lampu menyala atau mati, maka gambar tampilan
dari indikator <i>On/Off</i> lampu akan
berubah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzihIz__bqtupnWtdzPPwk1yy2a1Uj6OYoKbBoH8yrNnEhkdX0vb9MMdPz83eMejcl-VcpQQ9VS7f4CTPToQL1-22SVLlVEzV-HMD3ZTByfAZGY8irCI2zXDiaHV1Gtt7ZTewgE3M4-e4/s1600/indk.+lamp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzihIz__bqtupnWtdzPPwk1yy2a1Uj6OYoKbBoH8yrNnEhkdX0vb9MMdPz83eMejcl-VcpQQ9VS7f4CTPToQL1-22SVLlVEzV-HMD3ZTByfAZGY8irCI2zXDiaHV1Gtt7ZTewgE3M4-e4/s320/indk.+lamp.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center; text-indent: 18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span> </span>Indikator <i>On/Off</i> Lampu</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
Keterangan :</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ketika tombol ON 1 ditekan dan sakelar dalam
keadaan ON, maka data yang akan dikirim adalah "@00WH00010001". Data "@00WH00010001"
ini akan mengaktifkan HR0100 pada program PLC untuk menyalakan output 1000.
Sedangkan data Shape4.FillColor = vbYellow, berfungsi untuk merubah warna pada
kotak ruangan menjadi kuning. </div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ketika tombol OFF 1 ditekan atau sakelar dalam
keadaan OFF, maka data yang akan dikirim adalah "@00WH00010000". Data
"@00WH00010000" ini akan tidak mengaktifkan HR0100 pada program PLC sehingga
output 1000 mati. Sedangkan data Shape4.FillColor = vbBlack, berfungsi untuk
merubah warna pada kotak ruangan menjadi hitam. </div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Begitu juga sistem kerja tombol ON/OFF 2, ON/OFF
3, ON/OFF 4 sama dengan sistem kerja tombol ON/OFF 1.</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="SV">Pengiriman Data Dari PLC ke PC </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV">Ketika sakelar/sensor sebagai input PLC
dihidupkan, maka kotak yang mewakili ruang akan berubah menjadi kuning dan
label akan memunculkan tulisan lampu benar-benar hidup dan begitu juga
sebaliknya saat sakelar sebagai input PLC mati. Hal itu menunjukkan adanya
komunikasi atau pengiriman data dari PLC ke PC. Komunikasi atau pengiriman data
dari input PLC ke PC memanfaatkan komponen timer pada program. Berikut adalah listing
program timer :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><i>Private Sub Timer1_Timer()</i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i>Label15.Caption
= Time</i> <b>‘(membuat jam pada form)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i>Label16.Caption
= Format(Date, "dd mmm yyyy")</i><b>
‘(membuat tanggal pada form)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i>data
= "@00RH00040002"<b>‘(isi data
akan dibaca oleh VB dan diletakkan pada Text3.Text)</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i>Call
kirim</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i>Text3.Text
= MSComm1.Input</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i>cek$
= Mid(Text3.Text, 8, 4)<b> ‘(data diambil
sebanyak 4 karakter dari karakter ke 8 pada text3.text)</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i>Text1.Text
= cek$</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i>Select
Case cek$</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i>Case
"0001" '+Chr$(13)</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i>Shape1.FillColor
= vbYellow <b>‘(warna menjadi kuning)</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i>Shape2.FillColor
= vbBlack <b>‘(warna menjadi hitam)</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i>Shape3.FillColor
= vbBlack <b>‘(warna menjadi hitam)</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i>Shape4.FillColor
= vbBlack <b>‘(warna menjadi hitam)</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i>Label1.Caption
= "lampu 1 Benar2 ON " <b>‘(tulisan
menjadi lampu 1 benar2 ON)</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i>Label2.Caption
= "lampu 2 Benar2 OFF" <b>‘(tulisan
menjadi lampu 2 benar2 OFF)</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i>Label3.Caption
= "lampu 3 Benar2 OFF"<b>‘(tulisan
menjadi lampu 2 benar2 OFF)</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i>Label4.Caption
= "lampu 4 Benar2 OFF"<b>‘(tulisan
menjadi lampu 2 benar2 OFF)</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i>Form2.Visible
= True<span> </span></i><b>‘(form2 “animasi” muncul)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i>Form3.Visible
= False </i><b>‘(form3 “animasi” sembunyi)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i>Form4.Visible
= False </i><b>‘(form4 “animasi” sembunyi)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i>Form5.Visible
= False </i><b>‘(form5 “animasi” sembunyi)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
dst sampai ……</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i>Case
"000F" '+Chr$(13)<b> ‘(kasus 000F
)</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV">Kode program di atas ditujukan untuk
melakukan pengecekkan pada alamat PLC HR0400, pengecekkan dilakukan setiap 100
ms. Kemudian data yang telah dibaca oleh VB akan diletakkan pada Text3.text.
Perintah </span><i>Text3.Text =
MSComm1.Input</i> berguna agar variabel <i>Text3.Text
</i>berisi data yang telah diambil per 100 ms dari PLC. Pada<span> </span>perintah <i>cek$
</i>diambil data dari <i>Text3.Text</i>
sebanyak 4 karakter yang kemudian diletakkan pada <i>Text1.text.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV">Contoh pada kasus (case) 0001 itu
menunjukkan bahwa input 0000 dihidupkan dan tombol ON 1 dihidupkan, maka kotak
yang mewakili ruang 1 akan berubah menjadi kuning<span> </span>dan label akan muncul tulisan lampu 1
benar-benar ON. Begitu juga pada kasus (case) lainnya atau input-input yang
lainnya. Sebenarnya komponen timer ini juga dimanfaatkan sebagai komunikasi
data dari PLC ke PC ataupun dari PC ke PLC. Berikut di bawah ini adalah tabel
keterangan dari</span><i><span lang="SV"> </span>Case
"0001" '+Chr$(13)<b>.</b></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV">Tabel Keterangan<span> </span>Listing Program </span>Private
Sub Timer1_Timer()</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 63.9pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV">Case </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV">Data Yang
Dikirim</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.65pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV">Perubahan Yang
Terjadi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="12" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
Case “0001”</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<i>Shape1.FillColor = vbYellow </i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.65pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
Kotak
1 yang mewakili ruangan berwana kuning.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<i>Shape2.FillColor = vbBlack </i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.65pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
Kotak
2 yang mewakili ruangan berwana hitam.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<i>Shape3.FillColor = vbBlack </i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.65pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
Kotak
3 yang mewakili ruangan berwana hitam.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<i>Shape4.FillColor = vbBlack </i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.65pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
Kotak
4 yang mewakili ruangan berwana hitam.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<i>Label1.Caption = "lampu 1 Benar2 ON
"</i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.65pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV">Muncul tulisan </span><i>lampu 1 Benar2 ON</i> pada label 1<span lang="SV"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<i>Label2.Caption = "lampu 2 Benar2
OFF" </i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.65pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV">Muncul tulisan </span><i>lampu 1 Benar2 OFF</i> pada label 2.<span lang="SV"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<i>Label3.Caption = "lampu 3 Benar2
OFF" </i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.65pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV">Muncul tulisan </span><i>lampu 1 Benar2 OFF</i> pada label 3.<span lang="SV"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<i>Label4.Caption = "lampu 4 Benar2
OFF" </i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.65pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV">Muncul tulisan </span><i>lampu 1 Benar2 OFF</i> pada label 4.<span lang="SV"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<i>Form2.Visible = True</i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.65pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
Form2
(animasi) muncul</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<i>Form3.Visible = False</i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.65pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
Form3
(animasi) sembunyi</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<i>Form4.Visible = False</i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.65pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
Form4
(animasi) sembunyi</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<i>Form5.Visible = False</i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.65pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
Form5
(animasi) sembunyi</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="SV">Case ”0002”</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="SV">dst.....</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="SV">case ”000F”</span></i><span lang="SV"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<i>…………………………………….dst…………………………………</i>………………………</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.65pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="SV">............................................dst................................................</span></i><span lang="SV"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05729996032695779486noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8829427755529493355.post-72832908921312993112012-10-12T19:17:00.000-07:002012-10-12T19:18:44.230-07:00Praktik Pengukuran Besaran Listrik (CRO)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: blue; color: red; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Laporan
Praktikum Pengukuran Besaran Listrik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span lang="IN">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN">Identitas Praktikum</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Unit praktikum : Pengukuran Besaran Listrik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Tempat : Laboratorium Teknik Elektro</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Jam : 11.00 WIB-selesai </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span lang="IN">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN">Tujuan Percobaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Mengetahui cara menggunakan dan
mengoperasikan CRO (Chatode Ray Osciloscope).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Mampu menghitung dan mengubah nilai
frekwensi dengan CRO (Chatode Ray Osciloscope).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Mampu menganalisis bentuk (tinggi dan
lebar gelombang) dari hasil praktikum yang ditunjukkan oleh CRO (Chatode Ray
Osciloscope).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN"> </span><b><span lang="IN">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN">Alat dan Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN">a)</span><span lang="IN">1 set CRO (Chatode Ray Osciloscope)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Kabel penghubung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">LFG (alat untuk mengatur besar kecilnya
frekwensi)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN"> </span><b><span lang="IN">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN">Dasar Teori</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54pt;">
<span lang="IN">Oscilloscope adalah alat ukur yang mana dapat
menunjukkan kepada anda 'bentuk' dari sinyal listrik dengan menunjukkan grafik
dari tegangan terhadap waktu pada layarnya. Itu seperti layaknya voltmeter
dengan fungsi kemampuan lebih, penampilan tegangan berubah terhadap
waktu.Sebuah graticule setiap 1cm grid membuat anda dapat melakukan pengukuran
dari tegangan dan waktu pada layar (sreen). Sebuah grafik, biasa disebut trace
/jejak, tergambar oleh pancaran electron menumbuk lapisan phosphor dari layar
menimbulkan pancaran cahaya, biasanya berwarna hijau atau biru. Ini sama dengan
pengambaran pada layar televisi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54pt;">
<span lang="IN">Oscilloscope terdiri dari tabung vacuum dengan
sebuah cathode (electrode negative ) pada satu sisi yang menghasilkan pancaran
electron dan sebuah anode ( electrode positive ) untuk mempercepat gerakannya
sehingga jatuh tertuju pada layar tabung. Susunan ini disebut dengan electron
gun. Sebuah tabung juga mempunyai elektroda yang menyimpangkan pancaran
elektron keatas/kebawah dan kekiri/kekanan. Elektron-elektron disebut pancaran sinar
katoda sebab mereka dibangkitkan oleh cathode dan ini menyebabkan oscilloscope
disebut secara lengkap dengan cathode ray oscilloscope atau CRO. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54pt;">
<span lang="IN">Sebuah oscilloscope dual trace dapat menampilkan
jejak rangkap/dua pada layarnya, untuk mempermudah pembandingan sinyal input
dan output dari sebuah amplifier sebagai contohnya. Maka dibutuhkan biaya
tambahan untuk kemampuan tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4AcAcG18B9AVJHPTPNNPBt720bXEPbADl6b0_OEgYP4sYM-5W1Fc4lODweIIpzo15iz2CORHti6jx4qoUrVj1KmRZLaZ1E8jvx7Hv_BqiHY0WpvHFSHrENIDQEtkeiUEL7G3Bpp06yHQ/s1600/cro.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4AcAcG18B9AVJHPTPNNPBt720bXEPbADl6b0_OEgYP4sYM-5W1Fc4lODweIIpzo15iz2CORHti6jx4qoUrVj1KmRZLaZ1E8jvx7Hv_BqiHY0WpvHFSHrENIDQEtkeiUEL7G3Bpp06yHQ/s1600/cro.JPG" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Setting up sebuah oscilloscope</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54pt;">
<span lang="IN">Jejak pada layar osciloskope adalah grafik
tegangan terhadap waktu. Bentuk grafik mengejawantahkan gambaran sinyal asli
masukan. Penandaan batasan grafik, adalah frekuensi atau jumlah getar perdetik.
Diagram menampilkan sebuah gelombang sinus tetapi batasan dikenakan pada bentuk
sinyal yang tetap. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Amplitude adalah tegangan maksimum yang dapat
dicapai sinyal, diukur dalam volts, V. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Tegangan Puncak merupakan nama lain untuk amplitudo
. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Teganagn puncak ke puncak adalah dua kali tegangan
puncak (amplitudo). Biasanya pembacaan pada osciloskope saat pengukuran adalah
tegangan puncak ke puncak. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Perioda adalah waktu yang diperlukan untuk membentuk
satu sinyal penuh. Diukur dalam detik (s), tetapi perioda dapat sependek
millidetik (ms) dan microdetik (µs) biasa digunakan juga. 1ms = 0.001s dan 1µs
= 0.000001s. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Frekuensi banyaknya putaran/getar per detik, diukur
dalam hertz (Hz), tapi frekuensi dapat setinggi kilohertz (kHz) dan megahertz
(MHz) maka digunakan. 1kHz = 1000Hz dan 1MHz = 1000000Hz.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54pt;">
<span lang="IN">Dalam praktikum ini ditekankan mengukur frekwensi
secara langsung tanpa frekwensi pembanding, yang artinya penunjukkan pada CRO
langsung dibaca kemudian dihitung sesuai dengan lebar gelombang dan skala time
cm atau sweep frekwensi yang dipakai untuk menenpatkan hasil frekwensi yang
dipakai. Jika kita mengukur frekwensi dari output LFG maka output LFG
dihubungkan dengan vertikal in dari CRO, saklar ditempatkan pada posisi AC.
Agar gejala dapat jelas diamati, amplitudo LFG diatur disesuaikan dengan
vertikal gain atau volt div yang dipakai. Selanjutnya frekwensi diatur pada
sembarang frekwensi dan saklar time cm atau sweep freuensi diatur agar gejala
yang diukur dapat jelas terbaca lebarnya. Jika misalnya lebar periode gejala
yang terlihat pada CRO adalah X cm, sedangkan saklar time cm pada posisi 1
detik, maka besarnya waktu T = X x Y detik. Dengan demikian maka besarnya
frekwensi dapat dihitung yaitu F = 1/X.Y.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span lang="IN">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN">Langkah Kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Siapkan alat dan bahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Merencanakan prosedur pengukuran
menggunakan CRO (Chatode Ray Osciloscope).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Rangkai alat praktrek sesuai dengan
pertunjuk prakrikum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Kalibrasikan CRO (Chatode Ray Osciloscope).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">e)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Analisis hasil pratikum dan buat
kesimpulan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8829427755529493355" name="DDE_LINK"><b><span lang="IN">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="IN">Gambar Rangkaian</span></b></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span lang="IN">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN">Hasil Percobaan dan Analisis</span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span lang="IN">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN">Hasil Percobaan</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 5.4pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">No</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Volt/Div</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.5pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Time/Div</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.5pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Tinggi dan Lebar
Gelombang (X,Y)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.8pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Pengaturan Frekwensi
Dengan Alat LFG</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.2pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Hasil Frekwensi Dengan
Rumus</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.25pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Selisih</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">1 volt</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.5pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">5 ms</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.5pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Y : 1, X : 2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.8pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">100 Hz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.2pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">100 Hz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.25pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">0</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">1 volt</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.5pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">1 ms</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.5pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Y : 1, X : 1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.8pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">1 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.2pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">1 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.25pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">0</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">1 volt</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.5pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">50 μs</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.5pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Y : 1 , X : 2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.8pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">10 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.2pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">10 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.25pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">0</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">1 volt</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.5pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">5 μs</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.5pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Y: 1, X:
2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.8pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">100 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.2pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">100 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.25pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">0</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">1 volt</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.5pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">2 ms</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.5pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Y : 1,X :2.5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.8pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">200 Hz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.2pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">200 Hz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.25pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">0</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">1 volt</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.5pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">50μs</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.5pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Y : 1, X : 1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.8pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">20 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.2pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">20 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.25pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">0</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">7</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">1 volt</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.5pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">5 μs</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.5pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Y : 1, X : 1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.8pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">200 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.2pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">200 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.25pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">0</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">1 volt</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.5pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">0,5 ms</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.5pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Y : 1, X : 1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.8pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">2 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.2pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">2 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.25pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">0</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">9</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">1 volt</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.5pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">20 μs</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.5pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Y : 1, X : 2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.8pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">30 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.2pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">25 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.25pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">5 kHz </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">10</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">1 volt</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.5pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">2 ms</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.5pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Y : 1, X : 2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.8pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">300 Hz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.2pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">250 Hz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.25pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">50 Hz</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">11</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">1 volt</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.5pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">0,2 ms</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.5pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Y : 1, X :1.8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.8pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">3 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.2pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">2.7 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.25pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">0.3 kHz</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">12</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">1 volt</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.5pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">2 μs</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.5pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Y : 1, X :1.8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.8pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">300 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.2pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">277 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.25pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">23 kHz</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">13</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">1 volt</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.5pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">2 μs</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.5pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Y : 1, X : 1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.8pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">500 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.2pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">500 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.25pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">0</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">14</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">1 volt</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.5pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">20 μs</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.5pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Y : 1, X : 1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.8pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">50 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.2pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">50 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.25pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">0</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">15</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">1 volt</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.5pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">0,1 ms</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.5pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Y : 1, X : 2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.8pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">5 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.2pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">5 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.25pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">0</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span lang="IN">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN">Analisis </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="IN">Untuk mencari hasil frekwensi dapat menggunakan rumus seperti di bawah
ini :</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHgAInm8cTXGuGys9SUvkwN8Ufue3zIWA-LJTeHKpnaE65dkOq-xbxepYTinpIGfAdM_jo-HqzuBSF0qtB4BvC4zul9Bvr9EjK3YbmZb8n_dH5bAs-F6uvAeeDaOFrHKbvp1Au3zVrbxk/s1600/rumus+1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHgAInm8cTXGuGys9SUvkwN8Ufue3zIWA-LJTeHKpnaE65dkOq-xbxepYTinpIGfAdM_jo-HqzuBSF0qtB4BvC4zul9Bvr9EjK3YbmZb8n_dH5bAs-F6uvAeeDaOFrHKbvp1Au3zVrbxk/s1600/rumus+1.JPG" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9pt;">
<span lang="IN">Atau lebih jelasnya frekwensi = 1/ (time/dive x lebar gelombang)</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN"> </span><b><span lang="IN">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN">Kesimpulan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54pt;">
<span lang="IN">Dari hasil praktikum pengukuran frekwensi didapatkan hasil yang berbeda.
Hasil pengaturan frekwensi menggunakan LFG dengan menggunakan rumus sedikit
berbeda. Di bawah ini adalah selisih pengukurannya :</span></div>
<div align="center">
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">No</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Volt/Div</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.5pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Time/Div</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.5pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Tinggi dan Lebar
Gelombang (X,Y)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.8pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Pengaturan Frekwensi
Dengan Alat LFG</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.2pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Hasil Frekwensi Dengan
Rumus</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.25pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Selisih</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">1 volt</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.5pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">20 μs</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.5pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Y : 1, X : 2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.8pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">30 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.2pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">25 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.25pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">5 kHz </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">1 volt</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.5pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">2 ms</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.5pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Y : 1, X : 2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.8pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">300 Hz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.2pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">250 Hz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.25pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">50 Hz</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">1 volt</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.5pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">0,2 ms</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.5pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Y : 1, X :1.8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.8pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">3 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.2pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">2.7 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.25pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">0.3 kHz</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">1 volt</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.5pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">2 μs</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.5pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Y : 1, X :1.8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.8pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">300 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.2pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">277 kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.25pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">23 kHz</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54pt;">
<span lang="IN">Selisih pengukuran bisa terjadi karena ada beberapa faktior, diantaranya
adalah : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Faktor Alat Ukur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Perbedaan hasil ukur antara
alat ukur dengan rumus teori bisa terjadi karena adanya faktor kesalahan alat
ukur itu sendiri. Alat ukur yang sudah tua terutama alat ukur analog
kemungkinan terjadi kerusakan komponen di dalamnya semakin besar terutama bagian
pegas pada jarum ukur. Sehingga mempengaruhi hasil ukur, beda dengan alat ukur
digital.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Faktor Manusia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Perbedaan hasil ukur bisa
terjadi karena adanya faktor kesalahan manusia (human eror) dalam menghitung
hasil praktek. Terutama kecermatan dan peletakan alat ukur dalam mengukur
kurang benar ataupun kurang tepat, sehingga terjadi kesalahan hitung</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05729996032695779486noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8829427755529493355.post-14748707096982862512012-10-11T07:12:00.001-07:002012-10-11T07:12:09.662-07:00Komunikasi PLC Dengan Visual Basic<!--[if !mso]>
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<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="color: red; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">KOMUNIKASI PLC DENGAN VISUAL BASIC</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Visual Basic
adalah sebuah program yang bisa digunakan untuk mengakses data yang terdapat
dalam memori sebuah PLC. Software Visual Basic yang digunakan adalan Visual
Basic 6.0 dan PLC-nya dari keluarga Omron yaitu Omron CPM1A/CPM2A. Komunikasi
PLC dengan Visual Basic sebagai implementasi konsep dasar pertukaran data yang
dilakukan melalui port serial. Ada beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan agar
komunikasi PLC dengan VB dapat berjalan dengan baik, diantaranya adalah sebagai
berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -86.7pt;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="background-color: magenta;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">VB Enterprise Edition
Controls</span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ketika
akan membuat sebuah program yang berhubungan langsung antara PLC dengan VB,
maka pengguna program harus memilih VB Enterprise Edition Controls di new
projek pada visual basic. Karena VB Enterprise Edition Controls ada property
MSComm yang berfungsi untuk komunikasi antara PC dengan PLC </span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(Progammable Logic Controller).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
MSComm juga berfungsi untuk menyamakan Port yang digunakan oleh PC maupun PLC </span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(Progammable Logic Controller).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
Gambar berikut di bawah ini adalah gambar<span>
</span>VB Enterprise Edition Controls :</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjkZTsRkgTPSlIqJaWMddPqDpZQVHue0SX12nxVspr1cFfaAj_AF0jPH7ovysoi9Slecs355uKaCmeQeGz5WZ5tMscbBlZJNBAGY3cLqJSKF_cddRT-d7C_YQqK6_jRCo8-Y0olO4MZgc/s1600/VB+control.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjkZTsRkgTPSlIqJaWMddPqDpZQVHue0SX12nxVspr1cFfaAj_AF0jPH7ovysoi9Slecs355uKaCmeQeGz5WZ5tMscbBlZJNBAGY3cLqJSKF_cddRT-d7C_YQqK6_jRCo8-Y0olO4MZgc/s320/VB+control.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 12. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">VB Enterprise Edition
Controls</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">VB
Enterprise Edition Controls dipilih karena terdapat property MSComm. Dalam<span> </span>property MSComm<span> </span>terdapat beberapa<span> </span>parameter yang harus diset persis antara PC
dengan PLC. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -86.7pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: lime;">Pengaksesan
Port Serial Pada Visual Basic</span> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam
pengaksesan port serial pada Visual Basic akan dijelaskan beberapa hal,
diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Properti
MSComm</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk
pengaksesan port serial kita dapat mengaksesnya secara langsung menggunakan
kontrol MSComm yang telah disediakan Visual Basic. Kontrol MSComm menyediakan
fisilitas komunikasi antara program aplikasi yang kita buat dengan port serial
untuk mengirim atau menerima data melalui port serial. Setiap MSComm hanya
menangani satu port serial sehingga jika kita ingin menggunakan lebih dari satu
port serial harus digunakan MSComm lain. Properti yang sering digunakan adalah
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">CommPort</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Digunakan untuk menentukan nomor port
serial yang akan dipakai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Setting</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Digunakan untuk menset nilai baud rate,
pariti, jumlah bit data, dan jumlah bit stop. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PortOpen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Digunakan untuk membuka ataupun menutup
port serial yang dihubungkan dengan MSComm ini. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berikut ini adalah contoh penggunaan properti MSComm :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63pt;">
<b><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Private
Sub Form_Load()</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63pt;">
<i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">MSComm1.CommPort = 1</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63pt;">
<i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">MSComm1.Settings = "9600, e, 7, 2"</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63pt;">
<i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">MSComm1.PortOpen = True</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63pt;">
<i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">End Sub</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">“MSComm1.CommPort”</span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> digunakan untuk mengatur port mana yang akan dipakai dan
dalam kasus ini port yang dipakai adalah port 1.<span> </span>”<i>MSComm1.Settings”
</i>digunakan untuk mengatur parameter komunikasi yang harus sama persis dengan
yang ada pada PLC. Dalam hal ini PLC ter set standar yaitu baud rate 9600,
dengan paritas even, panjang data berjumlah 7 bit dan stop bit berjumlah 2 bit
(9600,e,7,2). Lalu kode<span> </span>”<i>MSComm1.PortOpen” </i><span> </span>digunakan untuk membuka dan menutup
komunikasi. Berikut di bawah ini adalah gambar properti MSComm :</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcO03gmYSL-DhSUIsFJZ5EnSbbOFCeToCnxU-2ManTqwD8xv0Ba5ik1VW2ro5gIa2Tl_oy5sqal0bMM65ox2O41mVT01SI6NZHGzqLuH2XxfG4UjNaCX_pPBNOO_7Qr3fYNChH8hmZtFM/s1600/mscomm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcO03gmYSL-DhSUIsFJZ5EnSbbOFCeToCnxU-2ManTqwD8xv0Ba5ik1VW2ro5gIa2Tl_oy5sqal0bMM65ox2O41mVT01SI6NZHGzqLuH2XxfG4UjNaCX_pPBNOO_7Qr3fYNChH8hmZtFM/s320/mscomm.jpg" width="255" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 13. properti MSComm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika antara PC dengan PLC tidak mampu berkomunikasi, maka
ada beberapa hal yang masih harus dicek. Hal-hal yang perlu dicek adalah
sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Setting baud rate,
biasanya setting PLC dan PC yang digunakan adalah </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(9600,e,7,2)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Koneksi kabel RS 232,
kabel harus terpasang dengan baik. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berikut
adalah gambar wiring diagram koneksi PC-PLC :</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixus32ymVKP3SD5uxqm3PvgCgThFWXqFnfS2f5TChw-6wUAnknfUYibql0iCDSGS5D-m52Qy9p2U0RV4qA_riH1ccoHcCc-4lRsYw5nlSimk_pYreq3SPk2g0cAXiUJhiyXDDLFwKNvGk/s1600/koneksi+plc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixus32ymVKP3SD5uxqm3PvgCgThFWXqFnfS2f5TChw-6wUAnknfUYibql0iCDSGS5D-m52Qy9p2U0RV4qA_riH1ccoHcCc-4lRsYw5nlSimk_pYreq3SPk2g0cAXiUJhiyXDDLFwKNvGk/s1600/koneksi+plc.jpg" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 14. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Wiring Diagram Koneksi
PC-PLC</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Komunikasi
Serial RS-232</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Komunikasi
serial RS-232 termasuk salah satu bentuk konfigurasi pada komunikasi HLC (Host
Link Communication) pada PLC terutama PLC Omron CPM1A/CPM2A. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOiyYak7pgarPvJZ1MMSER9iRyOH6IHqQ4T91is5nza1sDMBGH970F6-PgmD2XucVsAVaBCB-tyvuQI8qCJkbPgQr7-IA65dRkx2vF4yaCAMj1Rxz9eX-9OmlotfVycqV2_vnKwDLXvEM/s1600/serial+rs+232.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOiyYak7pgarPvJZ1MMSER9iRyOH6IHqQ4T91is5nza1sDMBGH970F6-PgmD2XucVsAVaBCB-tyvuQI8qCJkbPgQr7-IA65dRkx2vF4yaCAMj1Rxz9eX-9OmlotfVycqV2_vnKwDLXvEM/s320/serial+rs+232.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar
15. Komunikasi Serial RS-232</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="position: relative; z-index: 251657728;"><span style="height: 40px; left: 491px; position: absolute; top: -115px; width: 53px;"></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dari
gambar di atas, nampak bahwa PLC Omron CPM1A/CPM2A memerlukan modul komunikasi
serial RS-232 untuk dapat berkomunikasi dengan serial device lainnya.<span> </span>Berikut ini tampilan detailnya :</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2yqlmZlK5OXdCydG6ng9ndhMCWcC2xgnP7RuEi9rfIApBiu8wPkdYSR9qCSDcrErKSYGoK28Eo9BNDyjTlCIOVoC2ojymL2bldIwNesyC9TGsRrDTSO8CWIAqxy1VU0c3iEVsgK_uHgQ/s1600/modul+k.rs-232.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2yqlmZlK5OXdCydG6ng9ndhMCWcC2xgnP7RuEi9rfIApBiu8wPkdYSR9qCSDcrErKSYGoK28Eo9BNDyjTlCIOVoC2ojymL2bldIwNesyC9TGsRrDTSO8CWIAqxy1VU0c3iEVsgK_uHgQ/s320/modul+k.rs-232.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar
16. Modul Komunikasi RS-232</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ada
beberapa alasan penggunaan port serial, diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 144pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada komunikasi dengan
kabel yang panjang, masalah <i>cable loss</i>
tidak akan menjadi masalah besar daripada menggunakan kabel parallel. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 144pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dubutuhkan jumlah kabel
yang sedikit, bisa hanya menggunakan 3 kabel yaitu saluran Transmit Data,
saluran Receive Data, dan saluran Ground.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 126pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -86.7pt;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Settingan
Port Pada PC dan PLC</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Agar terjadi komunikasi antara PC dengan PLC maka selain
Property MSComm yang harus disetting, port pada PC maupun pada PLC harus juga
disamakan. Berikut di bawah ini adalah settingan port pada PC maupun PLC : </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdRneqedB5avpOYeFJnvpQtqZ5UN4i6x6bBT5Zq8KjvQUVrGL2dD1Vm9FLv-_gPCcl4hWTIJPmHphnhLd9ecDoqLE_bqxW9zMYAETYRX3IFTLuEfLIA7m7niYcateaxscHGFyu_RkkL0k/s1600/com.+port.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdRneqedB5avpOYeFJnvpQtqZ5UN4i6x6bBT5Zq8KjvQUVrGL2dD1Vm9FLv-_gPCcl4hWTIJPmHphnhLd9ecDoqLE_bqxW9zMYAETYRX3IFTLuEfLIA7m7niYcateaxscHGFyu_RkkL0k/s320/com.+port.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 17. Communications Port (COM1) Properties Pada PC</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Komunikasi serial pada PLC Omron CPM1A/CPM2A ini pada
umumnya digunakan untuk komunikasi PLC dengan komputer. Protokol untuk
komunikasi dengan PC disebut : Host Link communication (HLC). Pengesetan Host
Link Communication atau Host Link Unit berfungsi untuk menjembatani PC dalam
memonitor status pengoperasian dan lokasi data dari PLC. Berikut di bawah ini
adalah settingan port pada PLC OMRON CPM1A/CPM2A :</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnBuCIB-uZ45nDt__AjST7scgfJ44ALSVBnWcMSnrkj4djUx9ALWMWyGMDvOb3r9iAxhmFy83K8uy-WdQtqGoibV1yE6h519-pR9IpKQXpwDxY6wfWIORPrD4OJbCS3CXpOIAM7kBpwHY/s1600/Com.+PLC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnBuCIB-uZ45nDt__AjST7scgfJ44ALSVBnWcMSnrkj4djUx9ALWMWyGMDvOb3r9iAxhmFy83K8uy-WdQtqGoibV1yE6h519-pR9IpKQXpwDxY6wfWIORPrD4OJbCS3CXpOIAM7kBpwHY/s320/Com.+PLC.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 18. Serial Communications Settings Pada PLC</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">CONTOH PROGRAM
PLC-VB</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kalau Mau Tahu Program Yang Lengkapnya cari aja di
perpus teknik elektro unnes atau perpus pusat unnes judulnya (</span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">MONITORING DAN
CONTROLLING PLC (PROGAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER) MENGGUNAKAN PC</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>(PERSONAL
COMPUTER) </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Nih
tak kasih contoh sedikit tampilan programnya :</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipqFdBIcrZUUDul2BaWnfz_aNO_Os7k1pD-0QmIKlFXiE4WqLiXD6Y6kFnjtmaRRx48II5F3wsu-dv4X1EAwUYpnVC7ZK7rrbDs0Vimd0TRjZw-7IP0SaSkcHDyxbeBPIqyHLzUrVMnCc/s1600/contoh+program.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipqFdBIcrZUUDul2BaWnfz_aNO_Os7k1pD-0QmIKlFXiE4WqLiXD6Y6kFnjtmaRRx48II5F3wsu-dv4X1EAwUYpnVC7ZK7rrbDs0Vimd0TRjZw-7IP0SaSkcHDyxbeBPIqyHLzUrVMnCc/s320/contoh+program.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKSiLNAc5xq7cq8z3bdlaK7hiOFr5dgJ8uSV7R6DIUAos2K_hbVwk1AYSW90RbOy3mVo6xbrEbg0cwtaanqueC1IknyRFDJbQm1u8X0Id3SX6T7w2ZFz7cAid30BFZlu6YuMm38WUxVYc/s1600/mode+plc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKSiLNAc5xq7cq8z3bdlaK7hiOFr5dgJ8uSV7R6DIUAos2K_hbVwk1AYSW90RbOy3mVo6xbrEbg0cwtaanqueC1IknyRFDJbQm1u8X0Id3SX6T7w2ZFz7cAid30BFZlu6YuMm38WUxVYc/s1600/mode+plc.jpg" /></a></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Program
VB untuk merubah mode PLC</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berikut adalah
salah satu contoh bentuk listing program dari tombol-tombol untuk merubah
kondisi PLC :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 126pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tombol
Program</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 126pt;">
<b><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Private Sub Cmdprogram_Click()</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 126pt;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">data =
"@00SC00" '(setting hostlink pada PLC 00)</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 126pt;">
<i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">kirim</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 126pt;">
<i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">End
Sub</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Terlihat pada listing program di atas
untuk mengatur PLC pada <i>mode program</i>,
data yang dikirim ke PLC melalui variable data adalah <i>"@00SC00"</i>. Untuk <i>mode
monitor</i> data yang dikirim ke PLC melalui variable data adalah <i>"@00SC02"</i>. Sedangkan untuk <i>mode run</i> data yang dikirim ke PLC
melalui variable data adalah <i>"@00SC03"</i>.
Ketika PLC pada posisi mode monitor, PLC masih melakukan editing pada program
PLC dan mampu diperintah oleh PC. Sedangkan ketika mode run PLC tidak mampu
lagi diperintah oleh PC.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05729996032695779486noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8829427755529493355.post-48367287190826448702012-10-11T06:55:00.000-07:002012-10-11T06:58:29.057-07:00PLC Dasar<!--[if !mso]>
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<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PLC </span></b><b><span lang="ES" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(Progammable Logic Controller)</span></b><b><span lang="ES" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">DASAR</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54pt;">
<b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengertian
PLC (Progammable Logic Controller)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3.3pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dunia industri semakin pesat berkembang semakin
membutuhkan otomatisasi sistem, untuk menjawab hal tersebut maka munculah
teknologi PLC (Progammable Logic Controller). </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PLC adalah sebuah alat yang digunakan untuk menggantikan
rangkaian sederetan relai yang dijumpai pada sistem kontrol proses konvensional
(Eko Putra, Agfianto. 2004:1). PLC bekerja dengan cara mengamati masukan
(melalui sensor-sensor terkait), kemudian melakukan proses dan melakukan
tindakan sesuai yang dibutuhkan, yang berupa menghidupkan atau mematikan
keluarannya (<i>logic</i>, 0 atau 1, hidup atau mati). Pengguna membuat program
(dengan menggunakan <i>ladder program </i>atau diagram tangga) yang kemudian
dijalankan oleh PLC yang bersangkutan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54pt;">
<b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Keuntungan
Dari PLC (Progammable Logic Controller)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3.3pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ada beberapa keuntungan menggunakan PLC, diantaranya
adalah sebagai berikut : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Waktu
implementasi proyek dipersingkat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Modifikasi
lebih mudah tanpa biaya tambahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Biaya
proyek dapat dikalkulasi secara akurat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Training
penguasaan teknik lebih cepat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">e)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perancangan
dengan mudah diubah dengan software, perubahan dan penambahan dapat dengan
mudah dilakukan dalam software. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">f)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Aplikasi
control yang luas serta maintenance atau perawatan yang mudah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">g)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Keandalan
yang tinggi, perangkat controller standar, serta dapat menerima kondisi
lingkungan industri yang berat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54pt;">
<b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem
PLC (Progammable Logic Controller)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem PLC memiliki tiga komponen utama yaitu unit
prosesor,</span><i><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">bagian masukan/keluaran<i>, </i>dan perangkat pemrograman<i>.
</i>Fungsi kerja dari ketiga komponen tersebut dapat dilihat pada gambar
berikut :</span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 1. Diagram kerja tiga komponen utama sistem PLC</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Unit Prosesor</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Prosesor adalah bagian pemroses dari sistem PLC yang akan
membuat keputusan logika. Keputusan yang telah dibuat berdasarkan pada program
yang telah disimpankan pada memori. Prosesor adalah bagian dari <i>Central
Processing Unit </i>(CPU) dari PLC yang akan menerima, menganalisa, memproses
dan memberikan informasi ke modul keluaran<i>. </i>Di dalam CPU PLC dapat
dibayangkan seperti kumpulan dari ribuan relai. Hal tersebut bukan berarti di
dalamnya terdapat banyak <i>relai </i>dalam ukuran yang sangat kecil tetapi
berisi rangkaian elektronika digital yang dapat difungsikan sebagai kontak NO
dan NC <i>relai. </i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Memori berfungsi sebagai tempat di mana informasi
tersebut disimpan. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ada bermacam-macam jenis serpih
memori dalam bentuk <i>Integrated Circuits </i>(IC). Salah satu jenis memori
yang digunakan dalam CPU PLC adalah <i>Random Access Memory </i>(RAM). Satu
kerugian dari jenis memori tersebut adalah diperlukannya catu daya untuk
menjaga agar memori tetap bekerja. Pada aplikasi PLC diperlukan catu daya
cadangan yang digunakan untuk menjaga agar isi dari memori tidak hilang apabila
tiba-tiba catu daya hilang. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54pt;">
<i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Read Only Memory </span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(ROM) adalah jenis memori yang semi permanent dan tidak
dapat diubah dengan pengubah program. Memori tersebut hanya digunakan untuk
membaca saja dan jenis memori tersebut tidak memerlukan catu daya cadangan
karena isi memori tidak hilang meskipun catu daya terputus. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54pt;">
<i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Programmable Read Only Memory </span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(PROM) adalah jenis lain dari memori yang bekerja hampir
menyerupai ROM, dengan satu pengecualian yaitu bisa diprogram. PROM dirancang
untuk diisi dengan program yang terprogram. Apabila data dapat diubah, maka
dapat diadakan pemrograman. Pemrograman ulang dari PROM, membutuhkan
perlengkapan khusus yaitu <i>PROM Programmer </i>di mana PLC sendiri tidak
dapat melakukannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perangkat dan Modul Masukan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perangkat masukan merupakan perangkat keras yang dapat
digunakan untuk memberikan sinyal kepada modul masukan. Sistem PLC dapat
memiliki jumlah perangkat masukan sesuai dengan sistem yang diinginkan. Fungsi
dari perangkat masukan untuk memberikan perintah khusus sesuai dengan kinerja
perangkat masukan yang digunakan, misalnya menjalankan atau menghentikan motor.
Dalam hal tersebut seperti misalnya, perangkat masukan yang digunakan adalah <i>push
button </i>yang bekerja secara <i>Normally Open </i>(NO) ataupun <i>Normally
Close </i>(NC). </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ada bermacam-macam perangkat masukan
yang dapat digunakan dalam pembentukan suatu sistem kendali seperti misalnya : <i>selector
switches, foot switches, flow switches, sensors </i>dan lain-lain. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 2 memperlihatkan simbol-simbol perangkat masukan
yang sering digunakan pada sistem kendali.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq5RziTHr4MKliOBl6-LGhezNMiOsdXCUtNg4o9ko4Glrk0h1420mq4Uf-XWq7F6NHVucmlQa5wtlWDGSMKgwj_Rla004IubC3VphwLZLTlC-rTdKlOdtH0uJgt-B_jWp3YuLBHXZojx4/s1600/masukan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq5RziTHr4MKliOBl6-LGhezNMiOsdXCUtNg4o9ko4Glrk0h1420mq4Uf-XWq7F6NHVucmlQa5wtlWDGSMKgwj_Rla004IubC3VphwLZLTlC-rTdKlOdtH0uJgt-B_jWp3YuLBHXZojx4/s1600/masukan.jpg" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 2. Simbol Perangkat Masukan PLC </span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Keterangan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0.5pt 0.0001pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">NO
Push Button</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0.5pt 0.0001pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">NC
Push Button</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0.5pt 0.0001pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">NO <i>Flow Switch</i></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0.5pt 0.0001pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">NO <i>Pressure Switch</i></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perangkat dan Modul Keluaran</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perangkat keluaran adalah komponen-komponen yang
memerlukan sinyal untuk mengaktifkan komponen tersebut. Pada sistem PLC dapat
mempunyai beberapa perangkat keluaran seperti motor listrik, lampu indikator,
sirine dan lain-lain. Gambar 3 dibawah ini memperlihatkan contoh-contoh simbol
dari perangkat keluaran yang sering digunakan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 3. Contoh Simbol Perangkat Keluaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Keterangan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 225pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -126pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Simbol
Motor Listrik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 225pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -126pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Simbol
Lampu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 225pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -126pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Simbol
Sirine</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Catu Daya</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem PLC memiliki dua macam catu daya dibedakan
berdasarkan fungsi dan operasinya yaitu catu daya dalam dan catu daya luar.
Catu daya dalam merupakan bagian dari unit PLC itu sendiri sedangkan catu daya
luar yang memberikan catu daya pada keseluruhan bagian dari sistem termasuk di
dalamnya untuk memberikan catu daya pada catu daya dalam dari PLC. Catu daya
dalam akan mengaktifkan proses kerja pada PLC. Besarnya tegangan catu daya yang
dipakai disesuaikan dengan karakteristik PLC. Bagian catu daya dalam pada PLC
sama dengan bagian-bagian yang lain di mana terdapat langsung pada satu unit
PLC atau terpisah dengan bagian yang lain. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemograman PLC </span></b><b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(Progammable Logic Controller)</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemrograman PLC adalah memasukkan instruksi-instruksi
dasar PLC yang telah membentuk logika pengendalian suatu sistem kendali yang
diinginkan. Bahasa pemrograman biasanya telah disesuaikan dengan ketentuan dari
pembuat PLC itu sendiri. Dalam hal ini setiap pembuat PLC memberikan
aturan-aturan tertentu yang sudah disesuaikan dengan pemrograman CPU yang
digunakan pada PLC tersebut. Program yang digunakan dalam pemrograman PLC
tergantung dari jenis atau merek PLC itu sendiri</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PLC yang akan dijadikan sebagai bahan penelitian
menggunakan PLC merek Omron maka program yang digunakan adalah Syswin.
Sedangkan seri Syswin yang digunakan adalah Syswin 3.4.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Program yang akan
dimasukkan ke dalam PLC sebagai perintah adalah menggunakan Diagram Tangga
(Ladder Diagram). <i>Ladder logic </i>adalah bahasa pemrograman dengan bahasa
grafik atau bahasa yang digambar secara grafik. Pemrogram dengan mudah
menggambar skematik diagram dari program pada layar. Hal tersebut menyerupai
diagram dasar yang digunakan pada logika kendali sistem kontrol panel di mana
ketentuan instruksi terdiri dari koil-koil, NO, NC dan dalam bentuk
penyimbolan. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Instruksi Dasar PLC dengan Menggunakan Ladder Diagram</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">LD
(<i>Load</i>) dan LD NOT (<i>Load not</i>)</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicYMTYlXJUEbTIbLfgz9_njPTxBJdulPHBss04SSQm0D4Q1y1wXHmwpMXlR_aYxETwHFvWMeMDlosJ0c2gCasnIz5JLW852Y4Er_D8Uab0YPcj1uVqTT02grM8srBkaDmrZlVUJp1m3Qs/s1600/load.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicYMTYlXJUEbTIbLfgz9_njPTxBJdulPHBss04SSQm0D4Q1y1wXHmwpMXlR_aYxETwHFvWMeMDlosJ0c2gCasnIz5JLW852Y4Er_D8Uab0YPcj1uVqTT02grM8srBkaDmrZlVUJp1m3Qs/s1600/load.jpg" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar
4. Simbol Diagram Ladder LD dan LD NOT</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Load </span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">adalah sambungan langsung dari <i>line </i>dengan logika
pensakelarannya seperti sakelar NO sedangkan <i>LD NOT </i>logika
pensakelarannya adalah seperti sakelar NC. Instruksi ini dibutuhkan jika urutan
kerja pada suatu sistem kendali hanya membutuhkan satu kondisi <i>logic </i>saja
untuk mengeluarkan satu keluaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">AND <i>dan </i>AND NOT</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIvgasxJG58xCa1ZtdS2-iM6bcjBmg4yNBGnSu_KHB1zWRuLT8AP1AP1tDosfUCciidgr1ksNzWn2qGh87EFhzKmfxT9El1XCAHjBqZxBodS0hRyskUJsd3MR5Y7iNZZobGcQrN17pdw4/s1600/and.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIvgasxJG58xCa1ZtdS2-iM6bcjBmg4yNBGnSu_KHB1zWRuLT8AP1AP1tDosfUCciidgr1ksNzWn2qGh87EFhzKmfxT9El1XCAHjBqZxBodS0hRyskUJsd3MR5Y7iNZZobGcQrN17pdw4/s1600/and.jpg" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar
5. Simbol Diagram Ladder AND dan AND NOT</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Apabila memasukkan logika AND maka harus ada rangkaian
yang berada di depannya, karena penyambungannya seri. Logika pensaklarannya AND
seperti sakelar NO dan AND NOT seperti sakelar NC. Instruksi tersebut
dibutuhkan jika urutan kerja pada suatu sistem kendali membutuhkan lebih dari
satu kondisi <i>logic </i>yang harus terpenuhi semuanya untuk memperoleh satu
keluaran<i>.</i></span></div>
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</div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">OR dan OR NOT</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 6.
Simbol Diagram Ladder OR dan OR NOT</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">OR dan OR NOT dimasukkan seperti sakelar yang posisinya
paralel dengan rangkaian sebelumnya. Instruksi tersebut dibutuhkan jika <i>sequence
</i>pada suatu sistem kendali membutuhkan salah satu saja dari beberapa kondisi
<i>logic </i>yang terpasang paralel untuk mengeluarkan satu keluaran. Logika OR
logika pensakelarannya adalah seperti sakelar NO dan OR NOT logika
pensakelarannya seperti sakelar NC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">OUT</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 7.
Simbol Diagram Ladder Out</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Out digunakan sebagai keluaran dari beberapa instruksi
yang terpasang sebelumnya yang telah membentuk suatu logika pengendalian
tertentu. Logika pengendalian dari instruksi OUT sesuai dengan pemahaman
pengendalian sistem PLC yang telah dibahas di atas di mana instruksi OUT ini
sebagai koil relai yang mempunyai konak di luar perangkat lunak. Sehingga jika
OUT memperoleh sinyal dari instruksi program yang terpasang maka kontak di luar
perangkat lunak akan bekerja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">AND
LD (And Load)</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 8.
Simbol Diagram Ladder And Load</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyambungan AND LD terlihat pada gambar tersebut diatas,
dimaksudkan untuk mengeluarkan satu keluaran tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">6)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">OR
LD (OR Load)</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOJ9026NSSexYk_aARHvq8BOMJ3GTpEKwGC12LwttouU7HI7Ff8TwZnCSSiGa3lF5R5zOhMt96UY8wPGeOzHBA8Qm3KrMxG8nQ-eAaaLCGCrw8lRZhymX0TjhlpMbRTQx_E8M1pzgvRlA/s1600/or+load.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="75" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOJ9026NSSexYk_aARHvq8BOMJ3GTpEKwGC12LwttouU7HI7Ff8TwZnCSSiGa3lF5R5zOhMt96UY8wPGeOzHBA8Qm3KrMxG8nQ-eAaaLCGCrw8lRZhymX0TjhlpMbRTQx_E8M1pzgvRlA/s320/or+load.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 9.
Simbol Diagram Ladder OR Load</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem penyambungannya seperti gambar di atas pada
prisnsipnya sama dengan AND NOT, di mana untuk memberikan keluaran sesuai
dengan instruksi yang telah terpasang pada gambar tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">7)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">TIMER
(TIM) dan <i>COUNTER </i>(CNT)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Nilai
<i>Timer/Counter </i>pada PLC bersifat <i>countdown </i>(menghitung mundur)
dari nilai awal yang ditetapkan oleh program. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Setelah hitungan mundur tersebut mencapai angka nol, maka
kontak NO <i>Timer/Counter </i>akan bekerja. <i>Timer </i>mempunyai batas
antara 0000 sampai dengan 9999 dalam bentuk BCD (<i>Binary Code Decimal</i>)
dan dalam orde sampai 100 ms. Counter mempunyai orde angka BCD dan mempunyai
batas antara 0000 sampai dengan 9999.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQvuHA53D2eBgRAQcSuedEjOLFdpO1W4mzr3Umzdwdg9ES8rZb54cG6GAwRGaWDNq3p_gzsubxYWe_guM3fg0393BBUnomtI3csgP-y8X8b2Qs7wLHfV9fBiaZZ4UBktDAkn8U5VQGOSo/s1600/counter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQvuHA53D2eBgRAQcSuedEjOLFdpO1W4mzr3Umzdwdg9ES8rZb54cG6GAwRGaWDNq3p_gzsubxYWe_guM3fg0393BBUnomtI3csgP-y8X8b2Qs7wLHfV9fBiaZZ4UBktDAkn8U5VQGOSo/s1600/counter.jpg" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 10.
Simbol Diagram Ladder TIMER dan COUNTER</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Keterangan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 81pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">N : Nomor TIM/CNT</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 81pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">SV : Set Value</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 81pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">CP : Pulsa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 81pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">R :
Reset</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05729996032695779486noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8829427755529493355.post-88201834002910428872012-10-11T06:45:00.003-07:002012-10-11T06:45:30.167-07:00thermodinamika dasar<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">DASAR THERMODINAMIKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #17365d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #17365d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengertian Thermodinamika</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Thermodinamika
adalah ilmu tentang energi yang secara spesific membahas hubungan antara energi
panas dengan kerja. Prinsip thermodinamika tersebut sebenarnya telah terjadi
secara alami dalam kehidupan sehari-sehari. Dengan berkembangnya ilmu
pengetahuan dan teknologi, maka prinsip alamiah dalam berbagai proses
thermodinamika direkayasa menjadi beberapa bentuk mekanisme untuk membantu
manusia dalam menjalankan kegiatannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Aplikasi
thermodinamika yang begitu luas dimungkinkan karena perkembangan ilmu
thermodinamika sejak abad 17. Pengembangan ilmu thermodinamika dimulai dengan
perkembangan ilmu mikroskopik, yaitu sifat termodinamis yang didekati dari
prilaku umum partikel-partikel zat yang menjadi media pembawa energi yang
disebut pendekatan thermodinamika. Sedangkan<span>
</span>pendekatan tentang sifat thermodinamis suatu zat berdasarkan prilaku
kumpulan partikel-partikel disebut pendekatan mikroskopis yang merupakan
perkembangan ilmu thermodinamika moderen atau disebut thermodinamika statistik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #4f6228; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #4f6228; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bentuk – Bentuk<span> </span>Energi</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #4f6228; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bentuk
energi dikelompokan menjdi dua yaitu makroskopik dan energi mikroskopik. Energi
mikroskopik ditentukan oleh struktur internal dari zat pembawa energi itu
sendiri dan tidak tergantung kepada lingkunganhya yaitu struktur dan gerakan
molekul zat tersebut. Sedangkan energi makroskopik keberadaan energi ditandai
dari posisi terhadap lingkungannya atau terhadap suatu referensi yang
ditentukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Suatu
media energi dapat mengandung berbagai bentuk energi tersebut sekaligus dan
jumlah energinya disebut energi total (E). Dalam analisis thermodinamika sering
digunakan energi total setiap satuan masa media (m) yang disebut sebagai energi
persatuan masa (e). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">e
= E / m</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #984806; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span><b><span style="color: #984806;">Sistem
Thermodinamika</span></b><span style="color: #984806;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem
adalah segala sesuatu yang ingin dipelajari dan segala sesuatu yang berada
diluar sistem disebut lingkungan (surrounding). Diantara suatu sistem dan
lingkungan dibatasi oleh batas (boundary).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis-jenis
sistem ada dua macam, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 56.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem Tertutup</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 56.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam sistem tertutup masa dari sistem
yang dianalisis tetap dan tidak adad masa keluar dari sistem atau masuk kedalam
sistem tetapi volumenya tidak berubah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 56.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem Terbuka</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 56.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam sistem energi terbuka, energi dan
masa dapat keluar siatem atau masuk kedalam sistem melewati batas sistem.
Sebagian besar mesin-mesin konversi energi adalh sistem terbuka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem
Satuan, Tekanan, dan Temperatur</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem
Satuan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Suatu sistem satuan
adalah sistem besaran atau unit untuk menguantufukasikan dimensi dari suatu
properti. Dalam sistem SI ada 7 macam dimensi dasar, yaitu panjang (m), masa
(kg), waktu (s), satuan sinar (c), satuan molekul (mol) dan satuan gaya
merupakan kombinasi dari masa dan percepatan yang mempunyai besaran N (newton)
yang didefinisikan dari hukum newton.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tekanan
</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tekanan merupakan salah
satu properti yang terpenting dalam thermodinamika dan didefinisikan sebagai
gaya tekanan suatu fluida (cair atau gas) pada satu satuan unit luas area.
Satuan tekanan adalah Pa (pascal) yang didefinisikan sebagai :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">P = Force / Area = F /A</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Satuan tekanan yang
cukup dikenal dalah bar (barometic) atau atm (standart atmosphere). Pengukuran
tekanan dengan menggunaka referensi tekana nol absolut disebut tekanan absolut
(ata). Tekanan manometer (atm) adalah tekanan<span>
</span>relatif terhadap tekana atmosfer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Temperatur</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ukuran temperatur berfungsi untuk
mengindikasikan adanya energi panas pada suatu benda padat, cair atau gas.
Prinsip pengukurannya adalah apabila suatu alat ukur ditempelkan pada benda
yang akan diukur temperaturnya, maka akan terjadi perpindahan panas ke alat
ukur sampai terjadi keadaan seimbang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05729996032695779486noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8829427755529493355.post-20339575622990239752012-10-10T07:30:00.001-07:002012-10-10T07:30:01.657-07:00IC (intregated circuit)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="Section1">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">IC
(INTEGRATED CIRCUIT) TECHNOLOGY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sejarah
IC</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1952,
G. W. A. Dummer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Peralatan elektronik
dapat difabrikasikan pada blok padat tanpa kabel penghubung. Blok tersebut
dapat tersusun dari lapisan-lapisan material insulator, konduktor, penyearah
dan penguat, fungsi elektronik dapat dihubungkan dengan memotong daerah pada
berbagai lapisan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1959,
Paten Kilby</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mendeskripsikan
bagaimana rangkaian dapat diinterkoneksikan dengan lapisan konduktor, misal
emas, yang diletakkan diatas material insulator untuk membuat koneksi divais. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1965,
Gordon Moore</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kenaikan eksponensial
dalam jumlah transistor dalam rangkaian terintegrasi (hukum moore).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fabrikasi
IC</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Proses fabrikasi IC</span></div>
</div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="Section2">
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Oksidasi Termal</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Lithografi dan Pemindahan Pola</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemberian Doping dan Difusi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">CVD</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Interkoneksi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemodelan Proses</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: auto;" />
</span></b>
<div class="Section3">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Langkah Pemrosesan
Dioda</span></div>
</div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="Section4">
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Substrat awal silicon tipe-p</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Oksidasi medan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Lhitografi dan etsa</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Difusi tipe-N</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Oksidasi #2</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Lithografi dan etsa pola #2</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Deposisi alumunium</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Lithografi dan etsa pola #3</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: auto;" />
</span></b>
<div class="Section5">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">CARA
KERJA TRANSISTOR (NMOS)</span></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">V<sub>GS</sub> = 0, tidak ada
aliran arus</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">V<sub>GS </sub>≥V<sub>T</sub>,
terbentuk inversion layer—kanal </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Diberikan V<sub>DS</sub> agar arus
mengalir dari DRAIN ke Source</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Panjang kanal L, sepanjang aliran
arus</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Lebar kanal W, tegak lurus arah
aliran arus</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Aliran arus ≈rasio <sub>W/L</sub></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">VARIABEL
PADA TRANSISTOR</span></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">V<sub>GS<span> </span></sub>-- tegangan gate - source</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">V<sub>DS<span> </span></sub>-- tegangan drain – source</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I<sub>DS<span> </span></sub>-- arus yang mengalir antara drain
dan source</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">V<sub>T</sub> – tegangan ambang transistor,
V<sub>T</sub> > 0 – NMOS, V<sub>T</sub> < 0 – PMOS, bergantung pada
proses.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">K’ – konduktansi Transistor, K’
> 0 untuk NMOS dan PMOS</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rasio W/L transistor, layout dari
transistor</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">FABRIKASI
NMOS GATE-MATERIAL</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berikut
adalah prosesnya :</span></div>
</div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="Section6">
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Oksidasi medan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Etsa daerah S/D</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Difusi dan drve in S/D dan oksidasi
kering</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Etsa gate</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Oksidasi gate</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Etsa kontak</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Metalisasi dan etsa AI</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: auto;" />
</span></b>
<div class="Section7">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>F.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">FABRIKASI
NMOS GATE-POLY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berikut
adalah prosesnya :</span></div>
</div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="Section8">
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Implant channel spot</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Oksidasi medan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Etsa nitrida dan oksida</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Implant pengaturan V<sub>T</sub></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Oksidasi gate dan deposisi
polisilikon</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Etsa daerah S/D dan implant S/D</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Oksidasi, etsa kontak dan
metalisasi</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: auto;" />
</span></b>
<div class="Section9">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>G.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">CMOS
(COMPLEMENTARY MOS)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berikut
tentang CMOS :</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Devais NMOS dan PMOS pada satu
struktur</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Aplikasi well (P/N)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Metode pedopingan utama :
implantasi Ion pengaturan tegangan ambang, pembuatan well, implan S/D
untuk NMOS/PMOS)<span> </span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>H.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">FABRIKASI CMOS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berikut
adalah prosesnya :</span></div>
</div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="Section10">
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Definisi N-well</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemindahan pola pada oksida medan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Oksidasi gate pada deposisi
polisilikon</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Implantasi tipe-P untuk S/D PMOS</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Implantasi tipe-N untuk S/D NMOS</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembuatan lubang kontak</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">FOTO
LITHOGRAFI DAN ETSA IC</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Lithografi </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Adalah proses
pemindahan pola rangkaian atau devais dari layout ke wafer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Proses Lithografi I</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Layout blok fungsional
(atau gunakan rancangan sebelumnya) dan gunakan alat bantu softeare untuk
wiring koneksi antar blok fungsional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cek pelanggaran desain
rule dengan software</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Simulasi level sistem
dan rangkaian untuk performansi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Informais dari perancangan
dipindahkan ke mesin pembuat masker.<span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Proses Lithografi II</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gunakan masker untuk
mengrxpose resist menggunakan photo aligner (menciptakan citra aerial dari pola
masker pada resist)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Resist didevelop
(menghilangkan region terexposed)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Resist digunakan untuk
memindahkan pola ke wafer (implantasi ion, oksidasi, etsa,dll)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berikut dibawah ini
adalah gambar prosesnya :</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPRVuWu7Rtxyl3Z1islszdlTcpxBZCUPR0a0Pnt2KR-dcotj5Ubyx9GkpOJVIVUmKz0mPwpsbnZjcXLOVojdEM2HNjyJa_9-JIGhcdQ4Nl4yIN8DOyevozcOVAGP_iYSySmdMQ1ZkSgMI/s1600/lithigrafi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPRVuWu7Rtxyl3Z1islszdlTcpxBZCUPR0a0Pnt2KR-dcotj5Ubyx9GkpOJVIVUmKz0mPwpsbnZjcXLOVojdEM2HNjyJa_9-JIGhcdQ4Nl4yIN8DOyevozcOVAGP_iYSySmdMQ1ZkSgMI/s320/lithigrafi.jpg" width="278" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Komponen Fungsional
Dari Lithografi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ada beberapa komponen
dari Lithografi diantaranya adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber Energi
(gelombang atau partikel)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber
energi dibutuhkan untuk memodifikasi resist</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber
energi tercitra secara aerial pada resist</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pencitraan
dapat dilakukan dengan scaning berkas energi atau dengan memasking berkas
energi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber
yang terang biasanya diperlukan untuk daya tembus yang tinggi.</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 2cm;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" valign="top" width="73">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Wavelenght</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Energy</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" valign="top" width="73">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Light
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">UV</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">400
mm</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3,1
eV</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" valign="top" width="73">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Deep
UV</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">250
mm</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4,96
eV</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" valign="top" width="73">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">X-Ray</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0,5
mm</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2480
eV</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" valign="top" width="73">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Particles
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Electronic</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0,62
A</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">20
keV</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" valign="top" width="73">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ions
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0,12
A</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">100
eV</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 338.55pt;" valign="top" width="451">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">E = hv = hc / λ</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Masker</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Memblok
radiasi yang tidak diinginkan (menyerap radiasi). Membutuhkan material opaque
pada panjang gelombang yang diinginkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mentransmisikan
radiasi yang diinginkan. Membutuhkan material dengan transmisi tinggi pada
panjang gelombang yang diinginkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk
lithografi optik masker adalah : gelas kuarsa (transparan) + Cr (opaque)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk
lithografi X-Ray, masker adalah : film silicon Nitrida + Au</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Aligner </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mensejajarkan
pola masker pada pola sebelumnya di wafer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ekspos
resist dari pola radiasi yang merupakan citra aerial dari masker </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tipe
aligner : kontak, proksimitas, proyeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Resist</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Larutan
<span> </span>viskos yang memilki bentuk padat ketika
pelarut dihilangkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dilapisis
secara spin pada permukaan yang akan dipolakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ekspos
resis pada energi/radiasi menyebabkan reaksi (foto) kimia dan mengubah laju
kelarutan dari resist di developer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Resist
yang tercipta cukup padat untuk melindungi (mask) substrat dibawahnya pada
proses berikutnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Substrat atau optik
fotholithografi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ukuran
dari sistem lithografi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tinjauan
optik lithografi : difraksi, apartur numerik, resolusi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Aligner
: kontak, proksimitas, proyeksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Photomask
: daerah gelap, daerah terang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ukuran Dari Sistem
Lithografi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Resolusi (dimensi
terkesil yang bisa dicetak)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ditentukan
oleh sistem optik, resist dan proses etsa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Control
Critical Dimension (CD)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Registrasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ditentukan
oleh sistem optik dan aligner</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kontrol dimension
(keseragaman divais, wafer)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ditentukan
oleh sistem optik, resist, masker, dan proses etsa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Keluaran (jumlah
wafer/jam)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ditentukan
oleh sistem optik dan resist</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ULASAN OPTIK</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber
Optik</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ada
beberapa sumber otpik dalam IC adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem
lithografi saat ini menggunakan Hg tekanan tinggi yang memiliki intensitas
tinggi pada beberapa puncak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Puncak
- g (346 nm)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Puncak
– h (406 nm)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Puncak
– i (365 nm)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem
optik untuk penggunaan dimasa depan Laser excimer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">UV
dalam (308-157 nm)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">KrF
(248 nm) – pembangkit saat ini</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ArF
(193 nm) – generasi berikutnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Aligner
Optik</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ada
<span> </span>beberapa jenis aligner optik,
diantaranya adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Aligner kontak – resist
menempel dengan sisi chrome dari masker saat exposure citra masker : citra
resist adalah 1 : 1, tidak terbatai oleh difraksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Aligner prosimitas – resist
tidak kontak dengan masker (terpisah beberapa mikron) citra masker : citra
resist adalah 1 : 1, terbatas dengan difraksi fresnell.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Aligner proyeksi –
resist tidak kontak dengan masker, citra maske diproyeksikan ke resist dengan
lensa. Terbatas dengan difraksi Fraunoffer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ada
juga beberapa perbandingan aligner, adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Printing kontak, masker
dikontakkan dengan wafer. Masalahnya adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Terdapat
celah pada kontak ≥ 1 mikron, partikel debu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kontak
langsung mengakibatkan kerusakan pada masker, cacat, penggumpalan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Printing Proksimitas,
celah kecil 2-20 um antara masker dengan wafer (kerusakan masker dihilangkan.
Masalahnya adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Efek
difraksi fresnell, reproduksi masker yang tepat gagal untuk 1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Timbul
bayangan jika cahaya tidak fokus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Printing Proyeksi,
serupa dengan fotografi dan memproyeksikan citra pada wafer dengan reduksi 1:1,
5:1, atau 10:1. Masalahnya adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Membuthkan
lensa yang bagus untuk ukuran citra</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mencetak
daerah yang sempit lalau diulang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Trade-of
resolusi dengan kecepatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Photo
Mask</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Difabrikasi dengan
penulisan langsung E-beam menggunakan data base elektrnik oleh perangkat CAD.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tedapat
beberapa tipe substrat (transparan) : kuarsa, gelas ekpansi rendah, gelas soda
karbon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Terdapat
material opaque untuk memblokir cahaya. (chrome, emulsi, oksidasi besi)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Biasanya masker terbuat
dari kuarsa, lalu pola dipidahkan kegelas ekspansi yang lebih murah yang<span> </span>diulang beberapa kali untuk memebuat beberapa
dies.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Terdapat dua polaritas
masker. (medan terang/LF dan medan gelap / DF)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Adapun
juga <b>phase shift mask </b>yang bertujuan
untuk :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Meningkatkan resolusi
dari sistem lithografi yang ada saat ini</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengambil keuntungan
dari sifat gelombang cahaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengubah fasa 180<sup>0
</sup>pada pola yang bersebrangan dan menghasilkan interfrensi destruktif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Meningkatkan kualitas
citra aerial pada wafer.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05729996032695779486noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8829427755529493355.post-31673447072279299802012-10-10T07:17:00.003-07:002012-10-10T07:37:59.483-07:00dasar komputer dan pemrograman<!--[if !mso]>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">DASAR KOMPUTER DAN PEMOGRAMAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Komputer</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Komputer terdiri atar dua jenis,
yaiut komputer analog dan digital. Komputer analog tingkat ketelitiannya lebih
tinggi, sedangkan digital tingkat ketelitiannya kuarang. Harga untuk menaikan
ketelitian dalam komputer analog lebih mahal dibandingkan dengan komponen
komputer digital.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 350px; margin-top: 6px; position: absolute; width: 25px; z-index: 251655680;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Catur/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="25" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Analog : Komponen distrik
(terpisah-terpisah) R, L, C, TR, D</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Digital : IC (1960)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 182px; margin-top: 4px; position: absolute; width: 25px; z-index: 251657728;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Catur/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="25" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 125px; margin-top: 3px; position: absolute; width: 24px; z-index: 251656704;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Catur/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="24" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">IC 1960 LSI
(large scale int) 1000-10000/chip</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 141px; margin-top: 3px; position: absolute; width: 24px; z-index: 251658752;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Catur/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="24" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">VLSI 10.000-100.000/chip</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 141px; margin-top: 3px; position: absolute; width: 24px; z-index: 251659776;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Catur/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="24" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ULSI 10<sup>12</sup>/chip </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1chip
= equivalen transistor</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Komputer
pertama kali dimenukan (komp. Eniak) 1946.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Soft Ware</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Aplikasi
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 50.2pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4C
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 86.2pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Component</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 86.2pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Comunication</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 86.2pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Control</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 86.2pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Computer
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 50.2pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Computer
Aided Design</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 50.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Adalah
soft ware untuk merencanakan rankaian apapun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 86.2pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">CAI : Computer Asisten
Instruction</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 86.2pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">CBL
: Computer Based Instruction</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 86.2pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">SPAICE : Untuk design amplifier analog</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 86.2pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">CIRCAD : Untuk design IC</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 86.2pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Workbenc : Untuk design rangkaian </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 86.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 86.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hard Ware</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Yang terkait dengan sistem komputer
: suatu kumpulan peralatan yang pada dasarnya pengolah data (CPU) memori (penyimpanan) dan alat untuk input dan
output dengan komponen utama mikroprosesor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 86.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi
operasi penerimaan data : keyboard to screen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 86.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi
operasi penyimpanan data : internet download to disc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 86.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Proses
dari atau ke unit penyimpanan : up dating basic statment</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 86.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Proses
dari unit penyimpanan ke I/O : pringting a basic statment </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Memori</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam memori ada yang disebut
dengan acces time : waktu yang digunakan untuk membaca dan menulis sebuan data.
Sedangkan memory cycle time : yang digunakan pada RAM terdiri dari acces time.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tn = T<sub>A</sub> + N/R</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tn : waktu rata-rata untuk membaca
atau menulis N bit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">T<sub>A</sub> : waktu acces
rata-rata</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">N
: Jumlah Bit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">R
: Kecepatan transfer dalam bit per detik (b/s)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Memori terdiri atas tiga macam,
yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Main
memory</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 86.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ROM
(Read Only Memory) -- pabrik -- bios
(program)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 86.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">RAM
(Random Acces Memory) – kosong -- diisi
user</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 86.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">EPROM
Programer : alat untuk mengisi dan menghapus program</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 86.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">EEPROM
: IC yang bisa dihapus dan diisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 86.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">On – BIOS (Basic Input Output
System) – A>windows – DOS (format) (Disc Operation system)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Internal
memori</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mikroprosesor – register (menyimpan
memori sementara pada saat terjadi proses komputasi) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">External
memori</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Contohnya ya kayak flash disc dan
sejenisnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perangkat
Keras Komputer</span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 438.6pt;" valign="top" width="585"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">PERANGKAT
KERAS KOMPUTER</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Alat Input</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Alat Proses</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Alat Output</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Key
Board</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Casing DS AT/ATX</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Monitor
</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Scaner
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Motherboard</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Printer</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">FUD</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Processor</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Speaker</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kamera
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Memori </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Head
phone</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">CD/DVD
ROOM/RW</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Card VGA</span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="7" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mouse
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Card I/O</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Joystik
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sound Card</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">HDD</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Modem</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">TV Tuner</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" valign="top" width="195"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kabel</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 438.6pt;" valign="top" width="585"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nb : macam2 alat bisa bertambah
disesuaikan dengan perkembangan hard ware zaman sekarang.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengetahuan umum :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tipe
slot memori DIMN terdiri dari 168 pin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi
chip set BIOS untuk mengatur RTC (Real Tine Clock)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi
chip set mengatur aliran data antar komponen yang terpasang pada mother board
(ada 3 chip set).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi
conector IDE yaitu menghubungkan motherboard dengan hardisc/cd/dvd yang terdiri
atas 40 pin yang tersusun berderet masing2 20 pin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Konektor
FDD untuk menghubungkan motherboard dengan perangkat FDD yang terdiri dari 26
pin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Power
supply jenis AT yaitu 125 watt dan jumlah konektornya 6.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Konektor
serial adalah konektor yang terdiri dari sepuluh pin dan pada umumnya mempunyai
2 serial. Untuk konector mouse ataupun keyboard.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi
slot PCI/EISA/ISA adalah untuk memasang card tambahan seperti VGA ataupunsound
card yang berjenis PCI/EISA/ISA. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Nb : macam2 alat bisa bertambah
disesuaikan dengan perkembangan hard ware zaman sekarang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">F.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jaringan
Komputer</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Adapun
prosedur membuat keputusan jaringan adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Merencanakan
Jaringan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jaringan
skala kecil bisa merencanakan jaringan berbasis perangkat keras yang harus
dihubungkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jaringan
skala menengah/jaringan akan berkembang dalam waktu dekat, harus merencanakan informasi
yang harus dikumpulkan, disimpan, dan sebarkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Merencanakan
Hardware</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Menggambar
peta ruangan dengan menandai lokasi komputer dan printer atau hardware lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Merencanakan
skema pengkabelan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Memprediksi
kemampuan dan keburukan pada masa depannya nanti.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Merencanakan
Informasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cara terbaik untuk merencanakan
jaringan adalah dengan melihat aliran kerja danm innformasi yang akan
disalurkan bukan hanya mempertimbangkan kebutuhan hardware. Insfrastruktur
jaringan harus membantu dalam hal pengumpulan dan penyebar luasan informasi
yang diperlukan untuk mengambil keputusan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Menganalisis
Sistem Yang Ada Sekarang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Merencanakan
insfrastruktur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kemudian
adalah tentang skema Jaringan, ada dua tipe jatingan yaitu peer to peer atau
client/server. Berikut macam-macam skema jaringan komputer :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Peer
to Peer</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1dPUiA8MvKUa9Ly5j62lf9bDJua58hfYE2kfrAFgNOthB4huBy0E-YbrptRGT2uDtuDQk-8y3lDFY_UUnlGlL3Uuk227i4_jpOiI_WYSji83wyo3WSnfhRFZ3MQdy6ICua2du88TkupM/s1600/peer+to+peer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1dPUiA8MvKUa9Ly5j62lf9bDJua58hfYE2kfrAFgNOthB4huBy0E-YbrptRGT2uDtuDQk-8y3lDFY_UUnlGlL3Uuk227i4_jpOiI_WYSji83wyo3WSnfhRFZ3MQdy6ICua2du88TkupM/s1600/peer+to+peer.jpg" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Client/server</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Client : komputer yang terhubung ke
server untuk menggunakan sumber dayanya, seperti menggunakan printer dan modem
yang terhubung ke server.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Server : komputer yang dilengkapi
software khusus yang mengawasi segala sesuatu di jaringan. </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyPq9JD7v7hgCH4eAACTZofWV45RWkvQHF1-xAe3WTBxurwerIG9LO8mB8pBZ1OQbuHXTw5bOsGYBWXhCZ_Ms-CSBd8t1M2ki12ADjKZYzWZ58yulCWB5JhOM_JUM_MOLY5s9n4aA3KOE/s1600/server.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="169" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyPq9JD7v7hgCH4eAACTZofWV45RWkvQHF1-xAe3WTBxurwerIG9LO8mB8pBZ1OQbuHXTw5bOsGYBWXhCZ_Ms-CSBd8t1M2ki12ADjKZYzWZ58yulCWB5JhOM_JUM_MOLY5s9n4aA3KOE/s320/server.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
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<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05729996032695779486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8829427755529493355.post-12340588935855124262012-10-10T07:14:00.000-07:002012-10-10T07:19:29.871-07:00sistem pemrosesan sinyal<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">SISTEM
PEMROSESAN SINYAL</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">SINYAL</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinyal</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
adalah kwantitas fisik yang dapat diukur dimana nilainya berfariasi berdasarkan
waktu dan menggambarkan suatu informasi mengenai proses dan kejadian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Informasi</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
adalah proses atau kejadian yang ditumpangkan pada suatau sinyal.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Interferensi</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
adalah saling pengaruh sinyal dengan sinyal</span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Noise</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
adalah cacat sinyal </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Macam-macam
jenis sinyal :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinyal
Analog : jika varioabelnya (eaktu/ruang)
adalah kontinyu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi dalam sistem
pemrosesan sinyal analog :</span></div>
</div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="Section2">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi Linier dan non
linier</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penerapan amplitudo dan
level</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Adaptasi impedansi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Konversi domain</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemfilteran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Linierisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kompensasi interferensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perbandingan level dan
deteksi titik ambang (threshold)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penempatan terminal. </span></div>
</div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="Section3">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinyal
diskrit : jika variabelnya dalah
diskrit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinyal
Digital : jika variabel diskrit yang
dikuantifikasi berdasarkan threshold (nilai ambang).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hal-Hal Yang
Mempengaruhi Sinyal</span></b></div>
</div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="Section4">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Suhu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kecepatan
Udara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Level</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jarak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kecepatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tekanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Aliran
Zat Cair</span></div>
</div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="Section5">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Klasifikasi
Sinyal</span></b></div>
</div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="Section6">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinyal
Dc</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinyal
AC (Bandwidth lebar/sempit)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinyal
Analog</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinyal
Digital</span></div>
</div>
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bandwidth
(Lebar Jalur), Sinyal Single Ended dan Sinyal Floating, Sinyal Single Ended dan
Sinyal Grounded, Sinyal Single Ended Dengan Tegangan Common-Mode </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berikut
di bawah ini adalah gambarannya :</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWQ1PbvIXBUnOPb4JbXOrODUKmAuhT33NOYnq19byjjQyJIg8FHZEsOQFUhIwunBm4tTbmsFnf3XZ3bTW6WLQBILjm8-yZbUYkvrznvnGqaNWTUmVeaWUZbgx0DQoLoUfIRaM3QYsQY_k/s1600/bandwidth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWQ1PbvIXBUnOPb4JbXOrODUKmAuhT33NOYnq19byjjQyJIg8FHZEsOQFUhIwunBm4tTbmsFnf3XZ3bTW6WLQBILjm8-yZbUYkvrznvnGqaNWTUmVeaWUZbgx0DQoLoUfIRaM3QYsQY_k/s320/bandwidth.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penguatan
Tegangan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penguatan
Tegangan Ideal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tegangan
Input differensial</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">V<sub>iD</sub> = V<sub>iH</sub> -V<sub>iL</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tegangan
Input Common Mode</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">V<sub>iC</sub> = (V<sub>iH</sub> + V<sub>iL</sub>)
/ 2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tegangan
Terminal Output</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">V<sub>oH</sub> = Voc + (V<sub>oD</sub>/2)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">V<sub>oL</sub> = Voc – (V<sub>oD</sub>/2)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penguatan
Mode Differensial</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">G<sub>DD</sub> = (V<sub>oD</sub>/V<sub>iC</sub>)
/ V<sub>iC </sub>= 0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penguatan
common Mode</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">G<sub>CC</sub> = (V<sub>DC</sub>/V<sub>iC</sub>)
/ V<sub>iD </sub>= 0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penguatan
Mode Common ke differensial</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">G<sub>DC</sub> = (V<sub>DD</sub>/V<sub>CC</sub>)
/ V<sub>iD</sub> = 0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Diperoleh
Melalui Superposisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">V<sub>oD </sub>= G<sub>DD</sub> . V<sub>iD
</sub>+ G<sub>DC . </sub>V<sub>iC</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Voc= G<sub>DC . </sub> V<sub>iD </sub>+ G<sub>CC . </sub>V<sub>iC</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rasio
Diskriminasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">D = G<sub>DD </sub>/ G<sub>CC</sub></span></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05729996032695779486noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8829427755529493355.post-28702046110001437562012-10-05T21:18:00.003-07:002012-10-05T21:19:35.572-07:00dasar telekomunikasi<!--[if !mso]>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">DASAR TELEKOMUNIKASI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Telekomunikasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Telekomunikasi
adalah pemancaran, pengiriman, atau penerimaan tiap jenis tanda, gambar, suara,
dan informasi dalam bentuk apaun melalui sistem kawat, optik, radio, atau
sistem magnetik lainya. Alat komunikasi adalah setiap perlengkapan atau alat
yang digunakan dalam berkomunikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Transmisi
Informasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Adalah
suatu sinyal elektromagnetis selalu terjadi sebagai gelombang elektromagnetis
melintang (transverse elektromagnetic = TEM wave). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">E
: medan Listrik (v/m), H : Medan Mgnet (A/m), ϰ : Arah Rambatan (dengan
kecepatan fasa vp (m/det)). “ke-3nya saling tegak lurus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><img height="82" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Catur/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="96" />ϰ</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Velocity
Face (vp) atau Kecepatan Fasa</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kecepatan
fasa sebuah TEM Wave :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><img height="39" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Catur/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="61" />
dengan µ= permeabilitas dan ε : permitivitas. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk
Ruang Bebas (Free Space)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">µ = µ<sub>0 </sub>= 4π
x 10<sup>-7</sup> H/m</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ε = ε<sub>0
</sub>= 8,85 x 10<sup>-12 </sup>F/m</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> = </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 9pt;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Catur/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="21" /></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">x
10<sup>-9 </sup>F/m</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Atau diperoleh = Vp = 3
x 10<sup>8</sup> m/det atau Vp = C</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk
Saluran Transmisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><img height="39" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Catur/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="66" />
dengan ε<sub>r </sub>: permitivitas relatif (ε<sub>r </sub>= 1-5)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Panjang
Gelombang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Saluran
Transmisi (Transmisi Line)</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Adalah
sebuah alat untuk menghantarkan sinyal atau daya dari titik satu ketitik lain.
Suatu penghantar atau kumpulan dari kawat penghantar dengan suatu bahan isolasi
diantaranya dan berfungsi sebagai pembawa sinyal atau daya listrik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Macam-macam
transmisi line :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Power
Transmision</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Communication
Tansmision Line</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Digunakan untuk
mentransmisikan informasi dalam bentuk sinyal dari tempat satu ketempat yang
lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Radio
Transmision Line</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Digunakan untuk
menghubungkan antara pesawat (Tx atau Rx) dengan antena.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis
Saluran Transmisi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Saluran
2 kawat sejajar : saluran 2 kawat terbuka, saluran 2 kawat kembar berupa pita,
saluran sepasang kawat berpelindung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Saluran
sumber terpusat (coaxial line)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Saluran
pemandu gelombang (ware guide line)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Serat
optik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Saluran
strip mikro</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">F.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis
Saluran Kawat</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Open
Wire : terbuat dari tembaga untuk
saluran lokal dan baja berlapis tembaga untuk saluran interlokal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pair
Cable : atau kawat berpasangan,
satu gelombang kabel besar yang berisi banyak kabel dan berpasangan.
(kapasistas kabel 10-1800 pasang)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Coaxial
Wire : kabel terdiri dari 2 buah
konduktor yang dipasang pada satu sumbu dan banyak dipakai pada frekwensi
tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kombinasi
Pair Cable dengan Coaxial Cable : suatu kabel besar yang berisi pair kabel dan
juga coaxial kable. Digunakan untuk frekwensi tinggi terutama untuk sistem
kabel laut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Menurut letaknya kawat
saluran dibagai menjadi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kabel
diatas tanah (over cable head)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kabel
tanah (ground cable)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kabel
laut (sea cable)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelemahan kabel/kawat :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tidak
dapat dipindah-pindah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Memerlukan
stasiun pengulang pada jarak tertentu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinyal
frekwensi tinggi banyak mengalami kebocoran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rugi
listrik cukup besar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">“referensi buku :
dennis roddu dan john coolen. 1989. Komunikasi elektronika (terjemahan kamal
idrus). Jakarta. Erlangga.</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 18pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.6pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Saluran
2 kawat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.2pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Saluran
coaxial</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 4.4pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 4.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.6pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dioperasikan dalan balance</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penghantar tersusun sedemikian
sehingga memberikan kapasitansi yang sama ketanah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="position: relative; top: 9pt;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Catur/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="121" /></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="position: relative; top: 14.5pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="position: relative; top: 14.5pt;"><img height="35" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Catur/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="80" /></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 4.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.2pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 12.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dioperasikan dalam ragen atau tidak
balance</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 12.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kapasitansi luar hanya terdapat diantara penghantar luar dari
tanah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Catur/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="114" /> <img height="50" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Catur/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" width="79" /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">G.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Macam
Koefisien Saluran Transmisi</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Koefisien
Primer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Impedensi
Seri (teori Thevenin)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ƶ=R+jwl</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Admitansi
shunt (paralel/teori norton)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Y=G=jwl</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Koefisien
Sekunder</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Medan
Karakteristik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perbandingan antara
tegangan dan arus pada sembarang titik disepanjang saluran dimana tidak
terdapat gelombang pantulan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><img height="56" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Catur/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="124" />dengan j=1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">H.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sky
Wave</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gelombang
radio yang merambat dariantena Tx ke antena Rx setelah dipantulkan dulu oleh
ionsfir. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ionosfir
adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Terbentuk
karena adanya ionisasi dari molekul udara yang menjadi elektron-elektron bebas
dan ion-ionpositif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan
udara yang dijarangkan dan diuraikan oleh sinar ultra violet dari sinar
matahari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Menurut
klasifikasi meteorolgis, ionosfer terdiri dari lapisan D, E, F<sub>1</sub>, dan
F<sub>2</sub> yang berbeda ketinggiannya, kepadatan elektronnya, sifat dan
karakteristiknya.</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 36pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.9pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kepadatan
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ketinggian
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Keberadaan
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.15pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sifat
</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.9pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">D</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">50-90
km</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Siang
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.15pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 16.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Memantulkan gelombang LF dan VLF</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 16.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Menyerap gelombang MF</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 16.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Melemahkan gelombang HF</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.9pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">E
(teratur)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">110
km</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Siang-malam</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.15pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 16.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk HF <1600 km</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 16.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk MF >1600 km</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.9pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">E
(tidak teratur)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">90-130
km</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.15pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 16.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Berbentuk awan tipis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 16.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Menghalangi gel. Yang menembus lapisan
E teratur</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.9pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">F<sub>1</sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">175-250
km</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Siang
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.15pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 16.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Memantulkan gel. HF</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.9pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">F<sub>2</sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">250-400
km</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.15pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 16.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Paling berjasa untuk transmisi gel. HF
jarak jauh.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.9pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">F<sub>1</sub>
dan F<sub>2 </sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">300
km</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">malam</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.15pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Macam
Sky Wave</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">MUF
(Maximum Usable frequency)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Batas frekwensi dari
gelombang radio yang pancarannya masih dapat diterima oleh antena Rx dengan
tidak menembus lapisan ionosfer. MUF = fc sec φ.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">OWF
(Optimus Working Frequency</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Batas atas dari
frekwensi dari pada band freqwensi kerja yang dipilih. OWF = FOT= 0,85 MUF</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">LUHF
(lowest Usable High Frequency)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Batas bawah dari
frekwensi dari pada band freqwensi kerja yang dipilih. LUHF = 0,50 MUF</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">J.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemancar</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsinya
adalah memberikan daya kepada antena dengan freqwensi tertentu dan memindahkan
tanda-tanda atau informasi bersama sinyal yang dipancarkan. Menurut gelombang
yang dipancarkan ada 2 macam :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gelombang
berkesinambungan (CW : Continuos Wave) contoh telegrap</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gelombang
termodulasi (MW : Modulated wave) contoh radioo, telephone.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">K.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Modulasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Adalah
proses penumpangan sinyal informasi pada gelombang pembawa. Sinyal informasi
(fm), sinyal pembawa (fc) dengan fc >>fm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis-jenis
Modulasi adlah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Amplitudo Modulasi (AM)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem modulasi dimana
amplitudo gelombang pembawa berubah-ubah sesuai dengan perubahan amplitudo
sinyal informasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Freqwency
Modulasi (FM)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem modulasi dimana
freqwency gelombang pembawa berubah-ubah sesuai dengan perubahan amplitudo
sinyal informasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Phase
Modulasi (PM)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem modulasi diman
fasa dari gelombang pembawa berubah-ubah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">L.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem
Transmisi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Multipleksing
: penggunaan suatu media transmisi untuk dapat menstransmisikan sejumlah sinyal
yang berbeda-beda baik secara serentak ataupun bergiliran dengan cepat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">FDM
(Freqwency Division Multiplex)</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05729996032695779486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8829427755529493355.post-20296630590684958652012-10-05T20:56:00.001-07:002012-10-05T20:56:18.025-07:00elektronika dasar<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebelum
kita ke materi elektro yang rumit, alangkah baiknya kita mulai dari materi
dasar dulu nih....</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: red; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ELEKTRONIKA DASAR</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">TEORI
KUAT ARUS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Listrik
mengalir melalui penghantar dan aliran muatan-muatan listrik
(elektron-elektron) tersebut disebut dengan arus listrik. Arus listrik mengalir
dari tempat yang bertegangan tinggi ke tegangan yang rendah melalui penghantar.
Seperti halnya air,listrik dapat mengalir cepat ataupun lambat. Hal itu disebut
dengan kuat arus listrik “kuat arus listrik adalah banyaknya muatan listrik
yang mengalir tiap detik melalui suatu penghantar”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jadi
satuan Arus Listrik adalah ampere (A). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">TEGANGAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Listrik dapat mengalir karena
adanya tekanan listrik atau tegangan listrik. Tegangan listrik diberi simbol V
dan besar kecilnya tegangan listrik diukur dengan satuan Volt (V). Hal ini juga
ada hubungannya juga dengan tahanan listrik Ohm. Hukum Ohm adalah besarnya arus
listrik sama dengan tegangan dibagi tahanan dari medium. (I=V/R).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ARUS
LISTRIK AC DAN DC</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Arus
listrik adalah muatan listrik yang bergerak dari tempat yang berpotensial
tinggi ketempat yang berpotensial rendah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Arus
listrik DC (Direct Current) : listrik arus searah yang mengalir ke satu jurusan
saja dalam kawat penghantar dari kutp positif ke negatif. Contohnya baterai,
accu, dinamo dc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Arus
listrik AC (Alternatif Current) : atau disebut juga arus bolak-balik, contohnya
PLN. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">KOMPONEN
PASIF</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Komponen
pasif adalah komponen elektronika yang pengoperasiannya tidak memerlukan sumber
tegangan atau sumber arus sendiri. Contohnya :</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Resistor
</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 10pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Adalah
komponen elektronika yang berfungsi sebagai hambatan/menghabat arus listrik.
Simbol Ohm (Ω)</span></div>
<div align="center">
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<tbody>
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<td colspan="4" nowrap="nowrap" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 237.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tabel Kode Warna Resistor</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" rowspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.6pt;" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> warna</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 160.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="214"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">gelang ke</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;">
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1 dan 2</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="40"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">hitam</span></div>
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<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0</span></div>
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<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">x 1</span></div>
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<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="40"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1%</span></div>
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</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">coklat</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">x 10</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="40"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">merah</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">x 100</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="40"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">jingga</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">x 1000</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="40"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">kuning</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">x 10000</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="40"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">hijau</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">x 100000</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="40"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">biru</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">6</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">x 1000000</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="40"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ungu</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">7</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">x 10000000</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="40"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">abu-abu</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">8</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">x 100000000</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="40"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">putih</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">9</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">x 1000000000</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="40"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">emas</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">x 0,1</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="40"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">perak</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">x 0,01</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="40"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">10%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">tdk bewarna</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="40"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">20%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Potensiometer
: resistor yang nilai resiatansinya dapat diubah-ubah dengan mengatur
poros yang telah tersedia.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Trimpot
: resistor yang nilai resiatansinya dapat diubah-ubah dengan memutar
porosnya menggunakan obeng.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kapasitor
: komponen elektronika yang berfungsi dapat menyimpan dan melepaskan
muatan listrik atau energi listrik. Simbol farad (F) dimana 1 Farad=10<sup>3</sup>
mF=10<sup>6</sup> µF=10<sup>9</sup> nF.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dioda
: merupakan semikonduktor yang hanya dapat menghantar arus listrik dan
tegangan pada sat arah saja. (dioda zener, dioda pemancar cahaya LED)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Trasnformator
: atau trafo terdiri dari dua buah lilitan yaitu lilitan primer dan
sekunder. Trafo bekrja berdasarkan sistem perubahan gaya medan listrik,
yang dapat digunakan untuk menaikan atau menurunkan tegangan listrik.
Macemnya : trafo adaptor, trafo IF, trafo step up/down, trafo output.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Relay
: saklar elektrik yang bekerja berdasarkan medan magnet. Saklar mekanik
akan bergerak jika ada arus listrik yang mengalir melalui lilitan. NO
(normaly Open) : akan menutup jika teraliri arus, NC (normaly open) : akan
terbuka jika dialiri arus. </span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">KOMPONEN
PASIF</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Komponen
elektronika yang dalam pengoperasiannya memerlukan sumber arus atau tegangan
tersendiri.</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Transistor
: ada dua macam yaitu transistor bipolar dan unipolar. Transistor Bipolar
: transistor yang memiliki dua persambungan kutub. Unipolar : hanya
memiliki satu buah persambungan kutub. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Thyristor
: atau SCR (silicon Controlled Rectifier) dab banyak digunakan sebagai
saklar elektronik.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tranducer
: pengoperasian kerja suatu rangkaian yang lebih mudah diukur atau
dikendalikan oleh besaran listrik, yaitu tegangan dan arus dimana terjadi
suatu perubahan besaran ke besaran lain.</span></li>
</ol>
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